Should Animals Be Used For Testing Purposes - 966 Words

Should Animals Be Used for Testing Purposes? Testing on animals has always been a controversy often debated. Millions of animals are tested on each year to aid in the research and development of commercial and scientific products. Animals get tested on to ensure the safety of human use or consumption in anything from beauty products to medicine. Testing has enabled life-saving advancements in medicine; however it is no longer necessary to harm animals in the process of saving humans. Animal testing should be deemed unethical and illegal for several reasons. There are alternatives to animal testing which eliminates the need for animals to suffer any longer. New found studies show how much distress animals actually go through during the testing period. Current laws and regulations against animal testing aren’t strict enough and have no protected animals from physical and psychological harm. Animal activists have argued for decades against the cruel and inhumane mistreatment of animals and it is time that animal testing is put to a stop. An estimated 50-100 million animals are used in experimentation each year. The term animal experimentation is used to describe an animal that is testing the safety of products, devices and medicines. Animal testing has been around for decades and it is no doubt that they have saved millions of lives when we did not have such advancements in technology. In this day in age, modern technology has enabled us to find alternatives to animal testing.Show MoreRelatedShould Animal Testing Be Used For Medical Purposes? Essay1884 Words   |  8 PagesShould animal testing be used only for medical purposes in New Zealand? By Jihad Mohd Erfino Introduction: Animal testing is one of the most controversial scientific issues debated around the world. It questions the right of wild animals to be used in commercial, cosmetics and even for medical research purposes. Although it happens in most of the world (including New Zealand) today, many question whether it should go on. Animal testing is generally the use of animals for different purposes in labRead MoreSave Animals. Say No to Animal Testing!1390 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative essay: Save animals. Say no to animal testing! Nowadays, it is a well-known fact that many companies test their products like cosmetics and medicines with animals before production to check their products ’safety and quality. A huge amount of animals are used in research purpose every year. Is it right for human beings to sacrifice millions of animals for testing purpose? Should animal testing be banned? Animal testing is a controversial issue and there is a heated debated about prosRead MoreAnimal Testing Is A Controversial Issue For A Significant Time Frame Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal testing Abstract: Animal testing also known as animal experimentation has become a controversial issue for a long time.Testing on animals has enormously increased with the advancement of research and development in medical field. Animals are used as experimental models to test the products, medicines and chemicals before they are released in to the market.However,testing on animals is a cruel act and should not be encouraged to carry experiments on animals for human benefits.As we knowRead MoreEssay on The Unlucky Animals Used for Testing1322 Words   |  6 Pagesnot all animals are as lucky as many household pets. Millions of animals are killed, poisoned, and abused from animal testing each year in the Unites States. Just last year the European Union banned the sale of any cosmetic ingredients that have been tested on animals. Also joining the fight against animal testing in cosmetics is Israel and India. These countries have banned all testing on animals for cosmetic purposes. China, not far behind, has just approved their first non-animal test forRead MoreThe Controversy of Testing on Animals Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe Controversy of Testing on Animals Facilities that use animals for teaching, experimentations, surgery or testing purposes are known as research facilities. Currently, there are twelve animal research facilities in the state of Alabama (General Information on Animal Research). There are many different reasons why animals are used for research. Animals are used to test the products used in cosmetics, for biomedical research, for military defense and food production. Many people includingRead MoreAnimal Rights : Where Are The Limits?1680 Words   |  7 PagesAdrianna Steele Dr. Beutel ENG 101 November 18, 2014 Animal Rights: Where Are The Limits? Do animals deserve the natural rights humans have? Animals are being kept captive in science labs to test many things. In research labs they are used to test many trivial products and they are also used in valuable medical research. Many animal right activists go as far as breaking the law as an attempt to get the point across about the wellbeing of animals in science labs instead of being civil about the mannerRead MoreAnimal Experimentation, Ethics, And Ethics1703 Words   |  7 Pages Animal experimentation and Ethics -Tseten dolkar The practice of experimentation on live animals as known as vivisection is prevalent since the old roman days. In the name of Science, Animals are being mistreated, exploited and murdered worldwide. Animal are used in experimentationRead MoreAnimal Testing: A True Ethical Dilemma Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesis the life of a laboratory animal. Animal testing is the use of animals for scientific research purposes and experiments. It can be used for the findings of cures and medicines to testing new drugs, to understanding the behavioral psychology of the animals themselves. â€Å"Around fifty to one hundred million vertebrate animals, ranging from fish to primates, are used in experiments each year† (Lloyd). There are many different terms used to describe the research on animals but two main ideas. In vivoRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Illegal?955 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing is widely used today for a variety of different reasons ranging from testing new medical treatments for serious diseases to testing new cosmetics. Due to the widespread nature of animal testing, there are those who argue that animal testing is morally wrong and that it causes unnecessary suffering in animals. However, there are some that believe animal testing’s ability to reduce human suffering makes it morally right, good, and useful. Throughout this paper, I will argue that testingRead MoreThe Facts And Benefits Of Animal Testing1533 Words   |  7 PagesLife revolves around animals When thinking of animal testing the first thing that pops into our mind may be animal cruelty, and unfair treatment. We all must set aside our personal beliefs and morals and, for a brief moment, think of the logical facts and advantages animal testing provides. When thinking of rabbits, mice, dogs, cats and other animals, the last thing that comes to mind is that they save lives. Animal research allows every day, common animals to save human lives. Vaccines, over-the-counter

Essay On Image Processing - 977 Words

My research focuses on medical imaging and image processing to understand structure and brain function of both healthy and diseased brain. Specifically, some of my interests and expertise include: 1) developing improved MRI relaxometry methods and their applications towards diseased brain, 2) investigating the relationship between brain structure and function and cognitive performance in both healthy and diseased brain such as multiple sclerosis (MS), 3) investigating the neurophysiological bases of brain white matter signals; 4) developing potential biomarker for multiple sclerosis using iron sensitive MRI measures. Past Research: My PhD thesis combined the development of MRI methods and their applications to patients with MS. The main†¦show more content†¦This work addressed means to overcome the tissue heating limitations to enable more rapid multi-slice T2 mapping. The tissue heating limitations were overcome by shortening the echo train lengths. Consistent T2 values were found with as few as 4 refocusing RF pulses compared to 20 refocusing RF pulses. RF power savings through the use of reduced number of RF pulses enabled increased slice coverage. That means, using the improved method, MRI scan time can be reduced by 5 times compared to the previous method. This T2 mapping approach is useful for obtaining accurate T2 values in grey matter and white matter in the brain. These findings were originally published in [1] and [2]. Second, evaluate the iron dynamics in MS using improved T2 mapping method using 26 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers and patients with multiple sclerosis. Compared to controls, the MS patients had smaller deep grey matter volumes and increased iron content in these structures over two years, but significant changes were found one the deep grey matter structures. This finding indicates, combination of atrophy and T2 measurements in deep grey matter can be used as biomarkers to monitor disease progression and dynamics of iron accumulation in MS. This work has been published as a conference proceeding [3] and then as journal article [4]. Third, we compared the benefits and limitations of different MRI relaxometry (T2, T2*, T2’ and FDRI, relaxometryShow MoreRelatedImage Processing Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION In image processing, noise reduction and restoration of image is expected to enhance the qualitative inspection of an image and the performance criteria of quantitative image analysis methods Digital image is inclined to a variety of noise which attribute the quality of image. The main purpose of de-noising the image is to reinstate the detail of original image as much as possible. The criteria of the noise removal problem depends on the noise type by which the image is contaminatedRead MoreImage Processing Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageslatency is going up. As we cannot measure everything with a scale or a tape, we use some optical methods of Image Processing. In this paper, we present an approach that can be used to determine the lengths and some other degrees of measurements like diameter, spline, Caliper(perpendicular angle) etc. We used mostly the Image Processing techniques because all the measurements are done on an Image. We also use some other techniques like Euclidean algorithm. Index Terms: - Spline, Euclidean algorithm,Read MoreWhile many people perceive images to be fully reliable, how the image is used is what really600 Words   |  3 PagesWhile many people perceive images to be fully reliable, how the image is used is what really determines its validity. In this essay I will be briefly demonstrating the different ways in which fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) is used and how this brain imaging technology can help investigate the relationship between biological factors and behaviors of schizophrenia patients. These demonstrations will serve as a buildup to the main focus of this essay: evaluating the use of a specific brainRead MoreThe Halo Effect And Stereotyping1567 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"systematic, attentive processing is adopted† the halo effect is reduced or eliminated. Affective influences on social judgments consist of mood congruence explaining a wide variety of moods and their effects which show a compatibility between people’s mood and their responses; the processing effects that moods have an effect on how information is processed. These influence the extent people either judge using an attentive, vigilant processing strategy or a relaxed, superficial processing style. PositiveRead MoreBiometrics Is A Common Property For Picture Filtering Frameworks893 Words   |  4 Pagesobstacles additionally emulated with these points of interest, for example, noisy information, accuracy, illumination issues in concern to face recognition technology. Although, there are few issues, improvement of technology can tackle these issues. This essay will layout issues with biometric innovation and propose conceivable solutions lastly will assess effectiveness of solutions. Noise is a common property for picture filtering frameworks. Differing sorts of noises exist including Gaussian noise andRead MoreStudy of Psychology - Understanding Mental Images, Concepts and Schemas.924 Words   |  4 PagesTask B How can memory be improved by use of mental images, concepts and schemas (which help organise thinking)? Within this essay I am going to try and explain the defining roles of mental images, concepts and schemas. These processes are the ways in which our minds interpret information in order for us to understand, use and convey in our everyday life to aid and organise our way of thinking. The role of a mental image is to provide our memory with an almost visual aide to prompt our thoughtsRead MoreModularity of Mind1535 Words   |  6 Pagesarchitecture of mind in modules; a term that will describe that the mind had different specific structures that had precise purposes. Jesse J. Prinz just like Fodor was a philosopher who was in opposition of the â€Å"Modularity of the mind† theory. This essay will have as a purpose to create an argument on the explanation and disagreement that Prinz wrote cluster by cluster against the theory â€Å"Modularity of mind† in an article called â€Å"Is the mind really modular?† Prinz publication â€Å"Is the mind really modularRead MoreVisual and Verbal Thinkers1029 Words   |  4 Pagesreceive more of a view on visual thinking . It was already clear that a visual thinker thinks in pictures, but needing something more descriptive, I continued to find articles and the quotes within them. What i found is interpreted thought out this essay. Visual and verbal thinkers use different ways of remembering things; they are different in their own mind. Visual and verbal thinkers are different in several ways; the way they process information, the way that they can respond differently to differentRead MoreStages of Learning and Information Processing Theory1694 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Basketball Research Report [Type the document subtitle] 3/21/2014 18218 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Stages of Learning 2/3 3.0 Information Processing Theory 3 4.0 Feedback 4 5.0 Conclusion 4 6.0 Appendices 5/6 7.0 Reference List 7 1.0 Introduction Motor learning, particularly in the early stages of learning a skill, involves attempts by learners to acquire an idea of the movement, (Gentile, 1972) or understand the basic pattern of coordination (NewellRead MoreNo Wonder They Call Me a Bitch Essay examples593 Words   |  3 Pagesdiscussed. In this essay, Hodgman aims to inform her readers about the inequality in different types of dog food, as well as to entertain and amuse. Hodgman is writing to a broad audience, one of dog lovers and owners, as well as those that may be curious as to what is really in dog food, or more generally the packaging and processing of mass-produced food of any kind. Language, description and humor are techniques Hodgman skillfully uses to create a strong, convincing essay. Within this essay, Hodgman continually

Mr Taha Uppal Free Essays

string(55) " or problems arising by implementing those strategies\." Strategies towards betterment for team management The research will be based on the following questions: How can we eliminate the harmful factors of staff management I. E performance appraisal? How can the employee’s play an important part for the organizational success? What are the feedbacks usually received by the employer? 1. 1 INTRODUCTION TO MARKS AND SPENCER: Marks and Spencer also popularly known as M is British based clothing and food retailer headquartered in the city of Westminster, London, United Kingdom. We will write a custom essay sample on Mr Taha Uppal or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has more than 700 outlets located all over the United Kingdom while 300+ stores are coated all over the world. Most of them are located in the European countries, like Hungary, Greece, Czech Republic and Romania etc. Marks Spencer is also trying to expand in the Asian markets with quite a few stores opening in India and China recently. Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer founded M in the year 1884 in a city of England, Leeds. According to BBC news, Marks and Spencer is doing better in their food department as compared to their general merchandise as the turnover is split in 54% and 46% respectively. Marks and Spencer aims to provide a very high quality DOD to their customers, that is why, it is one of the most successful food retailers in the United Kingdom. The well known brands, which sell their products with the brand name M are Autograph, Indigo collection, Classic collection, Collection and lastly blue harbor. 1. INTRODUCTION TO PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: Performance appraisal or performance review is an analysis of an employee’s work habits undertaken at a fixed point in time to determine the degree to which stated objectives and expectations have been reached. Performance appraisal or review is very beneficial and important for the evaluation of the staff and of course for the effective management. Appraisals are of great help regarding organization’s employee and also play a vital role i n improving organizational performances. Formal performance appraisals are conducted every year normally in the last half of the year to review how the organization is performing and what strategies should be undertaken to improve the organizations performance. It is a straight line process for example the staff is appraised by their managers, the managers are appraised by the directors, and the directors are appraised by the Coo’s who are generally appraised by the founder or the chairman of the company. 2. 1 TYPES OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: The different types of performance appraisals are formal annual performance appraisals, handwriting analysis, skill or Job related tests, informal one to one review discussions, probationary reviews, survey of opinion of others who have been dealing with the staff, counseling meetings, observation on the Job and assessment centers including observed group exercises and test presentations. 1. 2. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL PROCESS: Performance appraisal is a process which takes place qu arterly or yearly and is the process of interaction between the employees and their managers. In this process the performance of the employee is assessed, with the manager telling or describing the employees their weaknesses and strengths and also identifying the opportunities that how can the employee improve their performance within the organization. Performance appraisal is the least liked responsibility any manager has to perform. The first step which comes in performance appraisal is review preparation. In this process the manager makes the objectives that the organization wants to meet in the future. An analysis of the employees is then taken out because employees or individuals must know what the organization is expecting from them and how they can work to achieve the objectives stated by the firm. Step two in performance appraisal is the assessment. This step is all about giving the timely feedback as it has proved to be very beneficial for the organization. For instance if an employee works well to achieve an objective, the positive feedback should be given to them as soon as possible rather than waiting for weeks to let them know as it might have a negative effect on their confidence as well as performance level. Step three is reviewing communication. This is all about reviewing the past and the current performance of the employee and if the performance is not up to the mark the manager should politely explain them that what should be done to improve their performance. Step four in the process is appropriate setting. Make sure that the atmosphere where the manager is going to deliver the appraisal is very friendly and welcoming. No threats should be given to the employee as this might De-motivate them and as a result they may not be able to perform 100%. Step five in the process is delivering, for instance it Leary explains the appraisal in simple language as the usage of the code words or difficult words might make it difficult for them (staff or employee) to understand it properly and they may have confusion which might proved to be harmful for the employee and also for the organization. The final step in this process is encouragement. At the end of the process the manager’s responsibility is to encourage the employee and boost their confidence by adding words like we have faith in you or we trust your abilities or you are capable. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 INTRODUCTION In this chapter the past and the current strategies of Marks Spencer will be discussed and in the end of this chapter we will also give a brief explanation about how employer can improve their Performance appraisal (PA) process. There will also be discussions on the employees and the manager roles that how can they contribute for a better service and reputation of the organization. First of all we will talk about the staff management strategies of Marks Spencer for instance, how they benefited from those strategies, what were the drawbacks of those strategies and what did Marks Spencer did to solve those issues or problems arising by implementing those strategies. You read "Mr Taha Uppal" in category "Papers" Performance appraisal helps in evaluating the employee’s performance as it gives a clear light on how an employee can improve their performance and skills. However, performance appraisal in depth will be discussed this chapter. 2. 1 THE EVOLUTION OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: Sometime near World War 1, (WAD Scott) has the credit to present the world with what performance appraisal is. However, performance appraisal was known by the mid asses and became very popular in the organization or companies. McGregor (1957) also played a vital role in discussing about performance appraisal in sass’s and ass’s. It’s a process by which the individual tries to look in the future with some valuable assumptions and to plan what should be done in the future to meet their goals. Performance appraisal helps in goal setting. In the year 1970, this process of performance appraisal became more widespread and many of the firms started using this process in order to gain success however, by practicing this process a large number of legal cases were brought. In the years sass’s and sass’s the process of performance appraisal became very popular and according to Williams (1998) it improved the performance up to a certain extent and also generated motivation which is very useful for an organization. According to Fletcher (2008), performance appraisal is conducted differently in the Western and the Asian cultures however; both of these cultures use this process and are benefiting from it despite the fact that around 90% or more staff doesn’t like this process. 2. 2 WHY IS PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SO NECESSARY? Questions like why performance appraisal is used in companies when it did not exist in the past and the companies were still doing great? Why is it so important to use performance appraisal? Can’t an organization run efficiently and effectively without the performance appraisal system? Weiss and Buckley (1998) tried to give an answer for this by stating that performance appraisal is very useful because it gives an idea to the employees how can they improve their performance and also this process helps in rising their commitment towards their organization. There is great importance of performance appraisal within the firm. The organization whether small or big, private or government or any other type of firm should be exempt from having a formal performance appraisal (PA) program. PA process has benefits like improved immunization within the firm, addressing the problem and tries to resolve them through this process of PA and gives the employee confidence and boosts their morale. However, while planning performance appraisal process the employer should bear in mind that it is a slow and time consuming process and there might be some obstacles during the process which for some time may make this process even slower than expected. We can see the companies who have introduced this process of performance appraisal are the ones who do the most business in their respected fields such as Ezra, Louis Button, Marks Spencer, Gucci, Hugo Boss etc. When employees know that they are an important part of an organization and all their suggestions or ideas are valuable they even work harder so that they can get promotions or there may be an increase in their salaries and this can only be done by performance appraisal process. PA process not only identifies the training needs within an organization or firm but also identifies the hidden talent which may have a very positive effect on the firm’s reputation. For instance if the staff is highly trained they are in a better position to deal with all their customers which plays a very positive role towards the success of an organization. . 3 PURPOSE OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: The most effective purpose to use performance appraisal is to improve the performance of the employees who are working for an organization. There are two most important purposes for which the performance appraisal is used one of which is maintenance of organization control and secondly to measure the efficiency with which the company’s human resources are being used. Cummings 1973) however, there are other purposes of performance appraisal as well for instance it helps in improving the morale of the employees working for the organization, more importantly also identifying when does the staff or employees need training, communication improvements, counseling and setting targets which the organization aims to meet (Britton and Gold 2003-04). As discussed above perf ormance appraisal is used to determine the strengths and weaknesses off the employees and providing them with the best training in order for them to give their best at work. However, by conducting the performance appraisal process both the organizations and the employees have advantages for example McGregor (1972) in his paper ‘An uneasy look at performance appraisal’ stated that performance appraisal meets the needs of OTOH the employees and the organization however, the difference is it meets three needs in total one for which is organization and the other two for the employees or the individual. Bowels and Coats (1993) conducted a survey which was sent to 250 West midland companies in the year 1992, where the organization were asked the question on the effectiveness of performance appraisal in the organization. However, in the results they found out that the performance appraisal plays an effective role to improve the communication skills of the employees and also improves the communication between the employees and the employer which has many benefits costly in favor of the organization. On the other hand it was very useful for when and how the training is needed for a number of employees to improve their skills. However, around 90% of the employees did not favor the performance appraisal process and commented it has certainly no use and is time wasting. Many organizations want to become the best in productivity or simply want to produce more and quality products so in order to achieve all of these objectives organizations choose and introduce performance appraisal process within the organization as this is the most successful way of achieving goals such as higher productivity or lean reduction. This process of performance appraisal gives a clear direction that where the organization is heading towards or what are the goals the organization or the firm. As discussed before, it not only measures a firm’s employee’s performance but also gives a clear picture of an organization’s performance. The example to illustrate this is performance appraisal measures the work done by the employees and also the organization on a weekly or quarterly basis. An organization can have all the information of their employees and their productivity by using this process. Another useful purpose of performance appraisal is that it gives a clear picture to the employees that where do they stand and what are they supposed to do in order to improve their skills and position within the organization. This way the organization can have a full advantage of their work force because if their employees need training, they train them and as a result the work force becomes very useful and experienced which in the long run is very beneficial for the organization as well as the employees. 2. 4 BEHAVIOR MAINTENANCE MODEL (CUMMINGS AND SWABS): The IBM model which was presented by Cummings and Swabs attempts to show owe the employees are motivated and opt to perform well within the organization. In their model they tried to explain the IBM model in four different steps. The first step in this model is goal aspirations which lead to goal attainment. When the goal attainment is achieved by the employee it gives them a sense of Job satisfaction and they become more focused on their Job and try to work even more hard. However, when the employee is satisfied with their Job they become automatically motivated towards their work which is very effective for the organization. 2. A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN MARKS AND SPENCER: performance appraisal give Marks Spencer all the required information about their employees as it helps MS to help improve their skills through training and making sure that they are capable enough for the Job they are being trained for. As most of the big companies or retailers conduct performance appraisal once or twice every year, Marks Spencer is also one of the British companies known for conducting performance appraisal twice every yea r. In this process the employees get feedback from their managers about their performance and if the performance of the employees is not up to the mark they are suggested with different strategies to adopt n order to improve their performance as it is believed that the employees play the most important part in an organization’s success and thus are the most important and effective assets of any organization like Marks Spencer. The performance records are encouraged to use by the employees as it plays an important factor in setting up the personal objectives that support their continued development. Whenever an appraisal system is carried out at Marks Spencer (normally takes every 12 months to conduct an appraisal) discussions are being made about the current progress of the company as well as the employees and a lot of new ideas are narrated about how to improve the concerned areas within the organization. These meetings are always done by the managers who work in M regarding their employees and are kept confidential. If any of the employees or workers at M do not perform well they are given more training and make sure that they understand how the organization works and operates. Rewards are given to the employees who prove that they are working best and the organization is benefiting from their efforts which are being put in. For instance in Marks and Spencer if the sales exceed the expected number or are higher than expected all the employees are given a bonus and also receive a bonus gift voucher of 20% which in fact plays a vital role in staff motivation. Also according to the research on motivation conducted by Frederic Taylor money is the only motivator and the only reason due to which the employees work hard to achieve their and the organization’s objectives they work for. According to Taylor â€Å"If the workers were paved per item made, they would want to make more and work harder. † Marks and Spencer uses Tailor’s theory by providing their employees or staff with handsome salaries as they think to keep the staff motivated paying them with bonuses and retreating them with some discount cards would be beneficial for the organization and as the staff will put in their efforts to make M a success by providing their customers a better service and by creating a friendly atmosphere in the stores which obviously every customer likes. On the other hand, M also uses Herbage’s two factor theory by paying them with handsome salaries but more important to note according to Herbage’s theory is that M make their employees feel special and important in the business as the upper management ask for suggestion from all the employees and also providing them with the best working environment to motivate hem. As seen in the table below Marks and Spencer has got the highest reputation in the recent years as compared to their rivals such as Sad, tests, Morison, Ginsburg and Waitress and that’s only done with the fair and proper selection of the employees for the Jobs through interviews and as well as the tests. By going through the process MS makes sure that the right candidate is selected for the Job and the organization can benefit from them. 2. STRATEGIES THAT MARKS AND SPENCER USED IN THE PAST: Marks and Spencer in the past have tried a lot of strategies to improve their staff performance. The strategy which Marks and Spencer used in the past was to sell its products on discounted prices or higher sales which at one point gave rise to the sales but on the other hand when people realized the clothes designs are the same and not changing their sales fell dramatically. MS did not emphasize on innovation but they tried to grab shopper’s attention by advertising and give them g reat deals and high discounts on their products. Another strategy that M favored was expansion overseas as the top management thought it’s the biggest opportunity to expand abroad because in that way MS will see a rise in their sales. The main focus f MS was to target the European markets specially Germany because in the recent years the population of Germany increased from 65 million to 80 million and also is the biggest exporter after USA with a lot of potential and industrial strength. However, firstly MS planned to expand in Germany in the asses but later dropped this strategy because the property costs were too high at that time but the main reason to drop this strategy was the recession of the German economy in asses. However in the late in asses the market position of Germany looked attractive and impressive which therefore forced MS to expand in to the German market. Marks and Spencer also played a vital role regarding waste as an estimate states that the waste all over the United Kingdom is around 400 tones which comes from different parts of the industry such as construction, households or discharged packaging. The waste that comes out is not recycled properly and the result is landfill sites which takes many years to decompose and is also very harmful for the human health. However, the strategy that Marks and Spencer put emphasis on is that in the recent years 2010-2011 they have tried to achieve a recycle rate around 90% and also they have tried and achieved the reduction in waste by around 20%. Marks and Spencer in the year 2006-7 had 133 million clothes hangers and instead of throwing or recycling them the company used around 80% of the hangers again. 2. . 1 OPPORTUNITIES FOR IN THE GERMAN MARKET: MS focused on expanding in the German market because the GAP of Germany is about three times higher than the United Kingdom with a staggering El 5000 billion. German consumer has a 50% higher expenditure than the Auk’s market also 22% higher than France which is the second biggest market in the Europe. Inflation rate is under 2% in the Germany which attracted the Marks and Spencer manag ement the cost to expand in the German market with expectation of higher sales which M was lacking in the United Kingdom. According to the research conducted by the well known news channels CNN and BBC M had examined the customers need in Germany for instance what exactly did the customer want and catered accordingly. 2. 7 MARKS SPENCER CURRENT STRATEGIES: The current aim of M is to become the world’s most sustainable brand by the year 201 5 and for that they are following a plan called plan A. The plan A consist about many things about how to make world a better place to live with a few things which ops the list in plan A are cut carbon emissions, reduce waste and importance on health and well being. As the world is getting more educated day by day which means people are aware of what should be done to make this planet a better place to live in and also become very conscious about environmental and also for the natural issues. This is the reason for which MS launched plan A in the year 2010. The primary focus in this plan is to change the climate and also reducing the waste. 2. 8 EVALUATION: As discussed in this chapter that Performance appraisal is very useful for any type of organization but there are always some exceptions. For example, if the managers fail to grade their staff according to their performance there are quite high chances that the company or the organization could land in hot water. So it is very important that the managers should not grade their employees on personal assessment but should only grade them according to their performance which would only help the firm to achieve success in the future. CHAPTER 3- METHODOLOGY 3. 0 INTRODUCTION: Methodology is a set of practice to regain information about something. In other rods it is a choice about what data and information to gather. The information that will be obtained will also be used in the outcome and also be compared to the literature review In order to have an appropriate evaluation. One should keep in mind some factors when developing a successful methodology. I tried to contact the Marks and Spence’s business and management analyst but it was too difficult to have a decent reply from them. Developing a methodology is not at all an easy task and requires different types of techniques and hard work in order to gather some useful information. 3. 1 TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION: How to cite Mr Taha Uppal, Papers

Coleridges Criticsm of Poetic Diction free essay sample

Wordsworth’s purpose, as he tells in the Preface was, â€Å"to choose incidents and situations from common life†, and quite naturally, he also intended to use, â€Å"a selection of language, really used by men†. He was to deal with humble and rustic life and so he should also use the language of the rustics, farmers, shepherds who were to be the subjects of his poetry. The language of these men was to be used but it was to be purified of all that is painful or disgusting, vulgar and coarse in that language. He was to use the language of real men because the aim of a poet is to give pleasure and such language without selection will cause disgust. COLERIDGE in chapter XIV of his BioGraphia Literaria (1817) elucidate and evaluate Wordsworth’s poetry and comment upon wordsworth’s theory of poetic diction. 2. Wordsworth and Coleridge came together early in life. It was in 1796, that they were frequently together, and out of their mutual discussion arose the various theories which Wordsworth embodied in his Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, and which he tried to put into practice in the poems. Coleridge claimed credit for these theories and said they were, â€Å"half the child of his brain. † But later on, his views underwent a change, he no longer agreed with Wordsworth’s theories, and so criticised them in Chapter XVII and XVIII of theBiographia Literaria. Coleridge’s criticism is the last word on the subject, it has not been improved upon upto date. Wordsworths theory of poetic diction is of immense value when considered as a corrective to the artificial, inane, and unnatural phraseology current at the time. But considered in itself it is full of a number of contradictions and suffers from a number of imitations. For one thing, Wordsworth does not state what he means by language. Language is a matter of words, as well as of arrangement of those words. It is the matter of the use of imagery, frequency of its use, and its nature, Wordsworth does not clarify what he exactly means by ‘language’. Wordsworth’s Views 1. Reasons for His Choice of Rustic Life : In his Preface,Wordsworth made three important statements all of which have been objects of Coleridge’s censure. First of all, Wordsworth writes that he chose low and rustic life, because in that condition the essential passions of the heart find a better soil in which they can attain their maturity, are less under restraint, and speak a plainer and more emphatic language; because in that condition of life our elementary feelings coexist in a state of greater simplicity and consequently may be more accurately contemplated and more forcibly communicated; because the manners of rural life germinate from those elementary feelings, and from the necessary character of rural occupations are more easily comprehended and are more durable; and lastly, ‘because in that condition the passions of men are incorporated with the beautiful and permanent forms of nature. Choice of Rustic Language : Secondly, that, â€Å"The language too of these men is adopted (purified indeed from what appears to be its real defects, from all lasting and rational causes of dislike or disgust) because such men hourly communicate with the best objects from which the best of language is originally derived; and because, from their rank in society and the sameness and narrow circle of their intercourse being less under the action of social vanity, they convey their feelings and notions in simple and unelaborated expressions. †. Diction of Poetry : Thirdly, he made a number of statements regarding the language and diction of poetry. Of these, Coleridge controverts the following parts : â€Å"a selection of the real language of men†; â€Å"the language of these men (i. e. men in low and rustic life) I propose to myself to imitate, and as far as possible to adopt the very language of men†; and â€Å"between the language of prose and that of metrical composition there neither is, nor can be, any essential difference. † Coleridge’s Criticism As regards the first statement, the choice of rustic characters and life, Coleridge points out, first, that not all Wordsworth’s characters are chosen from low or rustic life. Characters in the poems like Ruth, Michael, The Brothers, are not low and rustic in the usual acceptance of these words. Secondly, their language and sentiments do not necessarily arise from their abode or occupation. They are attributable to causes which would result in similar sentiments and language, even if these characters were living in a different place and carrying on different occupations. These causes are primarily two (a) independence which raises a man above servility; and frugal life and industrious domestic life, and (b) a solid religious education which makes a man well-versed in the Bible and other holy books to the exclusion of other books. The admirable qualities we notice in the language and sentiments of Wordsworth’s characters result from these two causes, and not from their rural life and occupation, or their contemplation of nature. Even if they lived in the city, away from Nature. They would have similar sentiments and similar language, if they were subject to the two causes mentioned by Wordsworth. In the opinion of Coleridge, a man will not be benefitted from life in rural solitudes, unless he has (a) natural sensibility, and (b) suitable education. In the absence of these advantages in rural conditions the maid hardens and a man grows â€Å"selfish, sensual, gross, and hard-hearted. † Coleridge agrees with Aristotle’s view that the characters of poetry must be universal and typical. They must represent some particular class, as well as general human nature. He writes, â€Å"poetry is essentially ideal, that it avoids and excludes all accident: that its apparent individualities of rank, character or occupation must be representatives of a class; and that the persons of poetry must be clothed with generic attributes, with the common attributes of the class; not with such as one gifted individual might possibly possess, but such as from his situation it is most probably beforehand that he would possess. † Wordsworth’s characters are representatives in this sense. As regards the second statement of Wordsworth, Coleridge objects to the view that the best of language is derived from the objects with which the rustics hourly communicate. First, communication with an object implies reflection on it, and the richness of vocabulary arises from such reflection. Now the rural conditions of life do not require any reflection, hence the vocabulary of the rustic is poor. They can express only the barest facts of nature, and not the ideas and thoughts universal laws which result from reflection on such facts. Secondly, the best part of a man’s language does not result merely from communication with nature, but from education, from the mind’s dwelling on noble thoughts and ideals of the master minds of humanity. Whatever noble and poetic phrases, words and arrangement of words the rustics use, are derived not from nature, but from repeated listening to The Bible and to the sermons of noble and inspired preachers. Coleridge on Poetic Diction Coming then to a detailed consideration of Wordsworth’s theory of poetic diction, he takes up his statements, one by one, and demonstrates that his views are not justified. Wordsworth asserts that the language of poetry is â€Å"a selection of the real language of man or the very language of man; and that there was no essential difference between the language of prose and that of poetry. † Coleridge reports that â€Å"every man’s language, varies according to the extent of his knowledge, the activity of his faculties and the depth or quickness of his feelings. † Every man’s language has, first, its individual peculiarities; secondly, the properties common to the class to which he belongs; and thirdly, words and phrases of universal use. â€Å"No two men of the same class or of different classes speak alike, although both use words and phrases common to them all, because in the one case their natures are different and in the other their classes are different. † This applies much to the language of rustics, as to that of townsmen. In both cases the language varies from person to person, class to class, and place to place. Which of these varieties of language, asks Coleridge, is ‘the real language of men. ’ Each, he re plies, has to be purged of its uncommon or accidental features (such as those picked up from family, profession, or locality) before it can become the ordinary (i. e. generally spoken) language of men ‘Omit the particularities of each, and the result ofcourse must be common to all. And assuredly the commissions and changes to be made in the language and rustics, before it could be transferred to any species of poem, except the drama or other professed imitation, are at least as numerous and weighty as would be required in adapting to the same purpose the ordinary language of tradesmen and manufacturers. ’ â€Å"Such a language alone has a universal appeal and is, therefore, the language of poetry. † A language so generalised, so selected, and also so purified of what is gross and vulgar will differ in no way from the language of any other man of commonsense. † Coleridge objects to Wordsworth’s use of the words ‘very’ or ‘real’ and suggests that ‘ordinary’ or ‘generally’ aught to have been used. Wordsworth’s addition of the words â€Å"in a state of excitement,† is meaningless, says Coleridge, for emotional excitement may result in a more concentrated expression, but it cannot create a noble and richer vocabulary. To Wordsworth’s contention that there is no essential difference between the language of poetry and that of prose, Coleridge replies that there is, and there ought to be, an essential difference between the language of prose and that of poetry. The language of poetry differs from that of prose in the same way in which the language of prose differs, and ought to differ, from language of conversion, and as reading differs from talking. Coleridge gives a number of reasons in support of his view. First, language is both a matter of words, and the arrangement of those words. Now words both in prose and poetry may be the same, but their arrangement is different. This difference arises from the fact that poetry uses metre, and metre requires a different arrangement of words. As Coleridge has already shown, metre is not mere superficial decoration, but an essential, organic part of a poem. Hence there is bound to be an ‘essential difference between the language, i. e. the arrangement of words, of poetry and of prose. There is the difference even in those poems of Wordsworth which are considered most Words worthian. In fact, metre medicates the whole atmosphere and so, even the metaphors and similes used by a poet are different in quality and frequency from those of prose. Further, it cannot be demonstrated that the language of prose and poetry are identical, and so convertible. There may be certain lines or even passages which can be used both in prose and poetry, but not all the lines or passages can be used thus. There are passages which will suit the one, and not the other. CONCLUSION Thus does Coleridge refute Wordsworth’s views on the themes and language of poetry. Coleridge’s devotion of Wordsworth’s theory remains even now one of the finest examples of literary criticism. His essay on Wordsworth has been regarded by Thomas M. Raysor as ‘the finest critical essay in English literature. ’

How Does Jack Become More And More Embroiled Essays - Corruption

How Does Jack Become More And More Embroiled Jack, influenced by his family, is becoming more and more like his family. His family is corrupted and when they lead Jack into their problems, Jack, as principled but also corruptible, is gradually led into the world of corruption. Samantha. She steals and she thinks its all right as long as her family members do it, it's okay. Anita. She accepts gifts she didn't earn honorably. At the beginning of the play, before he was corrupted, the thought of a member of the family stealing literally shocked him to death. He questions himself, ?Am I the only person who thinks it (stealing) is wrong pg24. He thinks bribing is so appalling he said, ?I'd never do that (bribing). Never.? pg19. Another element he thinks is horrible is blackmail. He says, ?You won't find me yielding to that sort of blackmail. Hardly ever.? pg41. To show evidence that he does become more and more enmeshed in the world of corruption, he begins to think like a gangster in a mob by saying, ?money?to pay Mr.Hough?Cliff's my protection.? He now thinks and acts like a mobster, since most triad leaders often have bodyguards. By analyzing this quotation, ?A bonus would be in order. A cash bonus.' pg66, it seems like Jack is using money to solve his problems. On pg80, he says, ?Anita's got some friends who'll get rid of him.? The fact that he said he would get someone to kill somebody is already proof that as he gets more and more involved with his family, he grows more and more corrupted. At the beginning, I never would have thought Jack would be the ?godfather' to the family, since he was the most righteous person. Jack's line of morality shifts away from him as he continues to traffic with his family's business. The boundaries have been reduced and there is no telling the limits that would be set. This is because Jack had been improvising the whole time and he would jeopardize his reputation for the sake of his family. In conclusion to this essay, I would say the involvement with his corrupted family has brought Jack to shift his boundary lines so far away from him he doesn't notice exactly how much the difference is.

Francis Bacon and the Essay Of Revenge

Francis Bacon and the Essay Of Revenge The first major English essayist, Francis Bacon  (1561-1626) published three versions of his Essayes or Counsels (1597, 1612 and 1625), and the third edition has endured as the most popular of his many writings. The Essayes, observes Robert K. Faulkner, appeals not so much to self-expression as to self-interest, and does so by supplying enlightened ways to satisfy ones interest. (Encyclopedia of the Essay, 1997) A notable jurist who served as both attorney general and Lord Chancellor of England, Bacon argues in his essay Of Revenge (1625) that the wild justice of personal revenge is a fundamental challenge to the rule of law. Of Revenge by Francis Bacon Revenge is a kind of wild justice; which the more mans nature runs to, the more ought law to weed it out. For as for the first wrong, it doth but offend the law; but the revenge of that wrong putteth the law out of office. Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is but even with his enemy; but in passing it over, he is superior; for it is a princes part to pardon. And Solomon, I am sure, saith, It is the glory of a man to pass by an offence. That which is past is gone, and irrevocable; and wise men have enough to do with things present and to come; therefore they do but trifle with themselves, that labor in past matters. There is no man doth a wrong for the wrongs sake; but thereby to purchase himself profit, or pleasure, or honor, or the like. Therefore why should I be angry with a man for loving himself better than me? And if any man should do wrong merely out of ill-nature, why, yet it is but like the thorn or briar, which prick and scratch, because they can do no other. The most tole rable sort of revenge is for those wrongs which there is no law to remedy; but then let a man take heed the revenge be such as there is no law to punish; else a mans enemy is still before hand, and it is two for one. Some, when they take revenge, are desirous the party should know whence it cometh. This is the more generous. For the delight seemeth to be not so much in doing the hurt as in making the party repent. But base and crafty cowards are like the arrow that flieth in the dark. Cosmus, duke of Florence, had a desperate saying against perfidious or neglecting friends, as if those wrongs were unpardonable; You shall read (saith he) that we are commanded to forgive our enemies; but you never read that we are commanded to forgive our friends. But yet the spirit of Job was in a better tune: Shall we (saith he) take good at Gods hands, and not be content to take evil also? And so of friends in a proportion. This is certain, that a man that studieth revenge keeps his own wounds green, which otherwise would heal and do well. Public revenges are for the most part fortunate; as that for the death of Caesar; for the death of Pertinax; for the death of Henry the Third of France; and many more. But in private revenges it is not so. Nay rather, vindictive persons live the life of witches; who, as they are mischievous, so end they infortunate.

Cider House Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Cider House Rules - Essay Example The title, however, serves as a metaphor from Homer’s situation. For instance, as a discipline, Dr. Larch expects Homer to obey the rules imposed on him by an outsider (Irving 52). Dr. Wilbur Larch ensures that the orphans in his orphanage are taken good care of as if the orphanage is their real home. In the orphanage, Dr. Wilbur Larch ensures that children are entertained by showing them movies, recites poems, read to the infants at bedtime and wishes them a good night, when the time comes for sleep (Irving 3). Nonetheless, the children in the orphanage appear very eager to be adopted. They keep asking themselves when their would-be parents will come to adopt them from the orphanage. Two services are definitely absurd and at odds with each other in the movie. On one hand, the doctor promotes abortion of infants by mothers, while on the other hand, he offers a safe haven for abandoned children in the form of an orphanage (Irving 1). Nonetheless, the services can be made to coexist when abortion is only procured in the event that the mother’s life is at risk. Doing this shows that the doctor is concerned about the health and well-being of a mother and infant, the same way he does by running an orphanage that harbors children abandoned by their parents. Saving the life of a mother whose life is at risk is a form of humanity, just like an orphanage. Abortion has become one of the most contentious issues in America’s history. This is presented in this movie in a series of discussion between Homer and Larch. According to the Irving (14), Homer is a pro-life crusader and believes in the sanctity of life. He believes that abortion is not only messy and goes against the sanctity of life, but also illegal. Despite his ethical stand on abortion, Larch teaches him how to perform abortion on women. The moral dilemma particularly comes out when Rose conceives and threatens to abort

Teaching and learning challenges and strategies Essay

Teaching and learning challenges and strategies - Essay Example Diversity is both a challenge and opportunity for a teacher. In a heterogeneous classroom, it is typical to encounter different personalities among children, and alongside with these differences is the challenge for the teacher to encourage them to learn. This difficult task is at times neglected by the teachers, thinking that their primary obligation is to teach, only. However, the real scenario contradicts this notion. Since real teaching cannot be employed without student participation, it is the teacher’s task to set her students in the class, in a way that they are motivated to listen and ready to learn. On the other hand, external and internal factors can hinder this process. Using published case studies, reports, books, and educational research, this paper will discuss the challenges of teachers in deploying effective teaching-learning activities and possible teaching strategies which may relieve the problem. Issues relating to the physical/neurological and social probl ems may cripple a child’s ability to learn; and while there is no common teaching strategy applicable to all learners, it is still the teacher’s task to inculcate learning amidst factors that can serve as an obstacle in fulfilling it, through innovation of the known strategies and its application to different learning situation. Part I: Challenges of Teachers in Employing Effective Learning Physiological and Neurological Factors to Hinder Successful Learning Process The cross-disciplinary approach to the learning environment envisions the utilization of real world situations to solve complex problems is called authentic learning (Lombardi, 2007, p. 2). The role of the teacher in the 21st century plan for authentic learning is generally as a â€Å"facilitator† wherein the traditional discussion type’s purpose is only to give a brief knowledge to the children about an information. The rest of the stages are subject to the exploratory activities of the learn ers (please see figure 3 of appendix C). However, finding relevance to activities in connection with reality may not seem to be an easy task for all types of learners. The proliferation of special education substantiated the tremendous change with regard to the treatment of the so-called â€Å"invisible minority,† otherwise known as the disabled population. The term evolved in the turn of modern thoughts which are undiscriminating to various physical and mental conditions as reference of social productiveness. Nowadays, the disabled are acceptably known as â€Å"special people.† In the matters of education, it has been a continuing challenge for teachers of children with special needs to assist learning, though they have taken the necessary, proper education and training needed. The challenge resides within the maxim of education which mentions about the uniqueness of each learner, much so with the uniqueness of learners belonging to the special group. It is therefore imperative that before contemplating on the professional and moral obligations of the teacher, one must be able to answer the several â€Å"why’s† concerning the situation of these children. In the United Kingdom, there are an estimated 1.5 million people who have learning disabilities (Mencap, n.d.), and they are categorized according to the specific condition they posses. However, a common trait existing regardless of categories is their difficulty of information processing. This difficulty is the reason why they are generally separated from the mainstream learning groups. Common conditions which are directly associated with special education is autism and ADHD, and although it is not considered as a â€Å"learning disability,† dyslexia suffers children and becomes a major problem for teachers, all at the same time. In the case of Autism Because of the lack of information regarding this condition, it is more convenient to define it with the corresponding chara cteristics seen from individuals having this disorder. Rudy (2009) defined autism as one of

Definition Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition Love - Essay Example Love makes us feel appreciated because we get a lift whenever we experience it. Something as simple as saying â€Å"I love you† can mean so much to the person who is receiving it. If this was said by anyone else then it would not have any strong connotations, yet the words come alive when they are said by someone who we have true feelings for. We feel wanted and accepted when someone decides to share their love with us. This love does not just have to by in a physical way—it could be from someone who is simply a friend. The different levels of love derive from the person or people that it is being shared with. Love between a couple and love between two friends are not on the same level. One goes to a deeper level while the other is rather barely scratches the surface. Love helps develop character in us because we truly understand what it is to trust someone else completely. It is only when we learn to love others that we can truly appreciate them for who they are. While love may be the most obvious virtue, there are other traits that can develop out of love. Characteristics such as patience, kindness, and forgiveness all come from the feelings of love that we have with one another. These are traits that cannot be taught but have to be learned through the process of loving someone else unconditionally. Finally, love gives us a reason to live because it gives us hope that something better is always out there. Without a reason to live, many people give up because they feel that they have no hope. It does not matter whether someone is rich or poor; everyone needs to feel loved so that they feel part of humanity. Love is the greatest gift that we can give to someone because it is freely given and freely received.  Ã‚  

Natural Ventilation In Buildings Engineering Essay

Natural Ventilation In Buildings Engineering Essay Proper design of energy conscious buildings requires a balance between two things: The thermal performance of the building envelope and the appropriate selection of techniques for heating, cooling and day lighting; An acceptable quality of the indoor climate in terms of thermal comfort, ventilation effectiveness or indoor air quality. Over the past years in all the western countries and more especially Europe, there has been a conscious limit of the availability of energy since the oil crisis of 1973. The main result of this crisis in term of the construction industry was therefore to reduce significantly global energy consumption, mainly used for heating and air-conditioning while neglecting its impact on the comfort and health of its occupants. During these periods, new regulations were made to regulate these, which also so the birth of real development of building research in western countries. However, these strict regulations on energy reduction in buildings was accompanied by an increasing number of disorders, mainly due to humidity condensation and the growth of mould, which affected the health of the occupants leading to SBS and building related sickness among the occupants, to overheating in the summer or in intermediate seasons, which affected the thermal comfort of the occupants and finally poor indoor air quality (IAQ) die to low air-change rates. The evolution began in the 1990s and it is now clear that energy conservation cannot be disassociated from the quality of the indoor and outdoor environment. These environmental criteria have even led to major modifications in manufacturing and technology, such as the abandonment of CFCs in HVAC. These criteria also highlight the necessity of full integration of the building site characteristics and potential in the design and this leads naturally to a focus on more integration of passive concepts on heating, cooling or more generally indoor climate conditions. (1) 1. Santamouris and Asimakopoulos, Passive Cooling of Buildings (1996) With these various aspects taken into account, natural ventilation appears to be a very attractive solution to ensure both good indoor quality and acceptable comfort conditions in many regions. Further more, natural ventilation seems to provide an answer to many complaints from users concerning mechanical ventilation, which appears to be noisy, to create health problems, to require routine maintenance and to consume energy. In contrast, natural ventilation is preferred by the occupants since it is energy efficient (no need of mechanical system), it can be easily integrated into buildings and it provides a healthier and more comfortable environment if integrated correctly. (2) Fundamentals of Natural Ventilation The magnitude and pattern of natural air movement through a building depends on the strength and direction of the natural driving forces and the resistance of the flow path. Good design involves the appropriate application of fundamental principles to the general strategies described in the following sub-sections. The driving forces for natural ventilation are wind and density difference. Wind Wind driven ventilation is caused by differences in pressures acting across the external surface of a building. The distribution of pressure depends on: the type of terrain surrounding the building (open country/city centre) and the presence of any obstructions (other buildings, tree belts etc) which provide opportunity for site layout and landscaping to enhance wind driven ventilation the wind speed and its direction relative to the building, and the shape of the building; this provides the opportunity for the architectural form and detailing to enhance the potential for wind driven ventilation. 2. Liddament, M. A Guide to Energy Efficient Ventilation. (1996) Air will flow through a building from areas of high surface pressure to areas of low pressure as shown in figure 2.5. In general terms, building surfaces facing into the wind will experience positive pressures; leeward surfaces and those parallel to the wind direction will experience negative pressures (suction) Source: Whole Building Design Guide Figure 2.1 Wind pressure field around a building Careful orientation of a building in relation to the topography of the site can maximise the potential for wind driven ventilation. This potential can be enhanced by landscaping, such as tree planting. Density differences Warm air is less dense than colder air. If two columns of air at different temperatures are separated by a boundary, there will be a difference in pressure across that boundary due to the different pressure gradients on either side. Normally, where it is warmer inside the building than outside, the pressure difference acts inwards at lower levels of the building and outwards at high level. When openings are placed in the boundary separating the two air columns, an upward air flow will be created through the building, exhausting warm air at high level and replacing it by cooler air at low level. This is known as the stack effect. These stack -driven flows rise vertically through a building, but will induce horizontal flows in spaces connected to the column of air rising. These horizontal flows replenish the warm air which is exhausted from the shaft. The shaft can take a variety of forms (see 2.3.3), but Figure 2.2 below illustrates the general principles associated with stack driven flows in an atrium. Source: Caroline Rock, Coventry University Fig. 2.2 Stack driven flows in an atrium Strategies for Natural Ventilation Wind and buoyancy, the driving forces for natural ventilation, may be used for different ventilation strategies: wind variation-induced single sided ventilation, wind pressure-driven cross ventilation and stack ventilation. Single-sided ventilation Single-sided ventilation relies on opening(s) being on only one side of the ventilated enclosure. A close approximation is a cellular building with opening windows on one side and closed internal doors on the other side. Single opening With a single ventilation opening in the room, the main driving force for natural ventilation in summer is wind turbulence. Compared with other strategies, lower ventilation rates are generated, and the ventilating air does not penetrate so far into the space Source: Dyer environmental controls Fig 2.3 Single-sided single opening ventilation Double opening Where ventilation openings are provided at different heights within the faà §ade, the ventilation rate can be enhanced by stack effect. The ventilation rate will be further enhanced by any wind pressures acting on the ventilation opening. As well as enhancing the ventilation rate, double opening increases the penetration of fresh air into the space. Effective to a depth of about 2.5 times the floor to ceiling height. Source: Dyer environmental controls Fig 2.4 Single-sided double opening ventilation Cross ventilation Cross ventilation occurs where there are ventilation openings on both sides of a space. Air flows from one side of the building to the other and leaves through for example another window or door. Cross ventilation is usually wind driven. As the air moves across an occupied space, it picks up heat and pollutants. Cross ventilation is effective up to 5 times the floor to ceiling height Source: Dyer environmental controls Fig 2.5 Cross ventilation Stack ventilation This term is used to describe those ventilation strategies where the driving forces promote an outflow from the building, thereby drawing in fresh cool air via ventilation openings at low level. The strategy makes use of the difference in density between a column of warm air and the surrounding cooler air. Because air flows into the building at low level, then up to a high level exhaust point, great care has to be taken into account when determining the different sizes of ventilation opening on each floor of the building. For equal ventilation rates, the ventilation openings at lower floors need to be smaller than those nearer to the top of the building. The effectiveness of natural ventilation can be enhanced by designing the stack outlet to be in a region of wind-induced negative pressure. The air may flow across the whole width of the building and be exhausted via a chimney, or it may flow from the edges to the middle to be exhausted via a central chimney and or atrium. e.g. Lanchester Library, Coventry University. Fig 2.6 Stack Ventilation strategy at Lanchester Library, Coventry Fig 2.7 Air exhaust via perimeter chimneys, light wells and the central atrium at Lanchester Library, Coventry Source: Pat Non, Coventry University Double Skin Faà §ade A double faà §ade construction consists of a normal concrete or glass wall combined with a glass structure outside the actual wall. Double skin facades offer several advantages. They can act as buffer zones between the internal and external environment, reducing heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer. In combination with ventilation of the space between the two facades, the passive thermal effects can be used to best advantage. Opening windows in the inner skin can draw air from the buffer zone into the building. The stack effect of thermal air currents in tall buildings offer advantages over lower buildings. Night Ventilation Night ventilation is not an additional mode of ventilation; it is simply a different operational strategy. It takes advantage of the natural diurnal variations in temperature to promote cooling. Night ventilation offers many advantages like cooling the fabric of the building at night and also ventilating during unoccupied periods

Personal Narrative - First Football Coach :: Personal Narrative Writing

Personal Narrative - First Football Coach One December morning, right before Christmas break, I was talking with a friend when our football coach came over to talk to us. I really respected and admired my coach and we always got along very well. My coach told us he was leaving Melbourne Central High School to go work in California. I had no idea what to say. I was in utter disbelief I was barely able to mutter a simple "Good Luck". One of my goals for the upcoming year was to have a good football season, just for my coach, because I really felt he deserved it. Most days I would have lunch with the coach where we would talk not only about football but also life and current events. When he left, I lost not only a coach but a friend and mentor. I knew I would always miss him. I did not believe that his departure, however, would threaten my football career or my love of playing. I was wrong. New coaches bring the winds of change. With the new coach came a new philosophy about the team. Everything was different from the color of our uniforms to our positions on the field. I think the best symbol of this is the change from green color helmets to gold. During pre-season conditioning, we got to know the new coaching staff. At the beginning of the season, the team was excited and ready to follow the new coach. But as the season progressed we all realized changes taking place with the new coach were heartbreaking. The new coach affected me as a football player and as a person. The football coach often lied and was very manipulative in his attempts to manage the team, its players and me. The entire season was a difficult one with this new coach and I would often come home upset. I turned to my father for advice and he would remind me to never forget the lessons my previous coach taught me about football and about life. My first coach was a great role-model. He taught me to have the courage to stand by my beliefs and to resist intimidation and manipulation.

Computerized Financial Mangement System

Chapter I Introduction Nowadays one of the major lending businesses that exist today is money lending. It has entered different institutions like banks, government, lending companies and even cooperatives which they offers the kind of business in order for them to gain more profit in an easy way and also to help client by giving loans for special purposes. As the world moves in a globally competitive electronic place, there’s a lot of competition in a technological way but many infrastructure and establishments were still not upgrading their own computers to the latest modern features.They just assure their clients satisfaction by giving a quality service and a friendly environment to every client which is not good enough. Majority of the lending companies nowadays are still using a manual transaction which were indeed a time consuming problem. More on these facts there is also a hard time in computing monthly dues, and balances that made the data not that accurate. This happe ns because of manual calculations in the computer. The proponent is very much concerned in conducting proper studies and implementation of better processes.The proposed system is for Sifcor Lending incorporation by using an automated transaction solution for lending and financial management to improve the current existing method of manual operations. With the advancement of the technology most of the tasks are done in an instant to be competitive nowadays we must experience what really the technology can do. 1. 2 Background of the Study The Sifcor Lending Inc. is a company who let out money for temporary use on condition of repayment with interest. Like other existing loan transaction process Sifcor is also manually operated.They give loans to those who will comply to their requirements, one of these is that an applicant should have shown monthly pay slip and income for the past months or a proof of managing any business. Due to manual operations of the company they are having a har d time in recording and calculating the loans of their clients in a fastest way, but this can be lessen by the use of computer system which could facilitate any operations at faster and easy way. The company only uses their computers for documentation and client’s record keeping purposes and not for their system.Were in fact they are just using Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel that are usually used Microsoft Office work today and not merely doing the exact specific task they wanted to happen, in this case using of their computer does not help to make their process faster and accurate. Manual calculations were indeed a burden and consume a lot of time on the part of the employees. By developing a Finance Management system the company will have more time in giving emphasis to their other works and responsibility in the company. 1. 3 RationaleNew technologies have become integral to lives of children and young people in the home, industry, business, leisure and communication w ithin a global society. The internet and other digital and information technologies are powerful tools, which open up new opportunities for everyone. As technology grow, so do the demands for better services. The primary reason why the proponent pursue this study is to provide financial management system that will provide the proponent the best chance to apply the knowledge they learn in their years of studying at AMA Computer College.It also gives them opportunity to enhance and practice their ability and creativity. The proposed system will organize the process in which the school conducts its business. The main reason why the proponent came up to an idea of implementing Finance Management System for Sifcor Lending Inc. The proponent proposed a system which can develop a finance management system that will integrate it with the present technology to make transaction easier, faster and user friendly to the employees that will answer the needs of the locale. 1. 4 Information Technol ogy innovationSystem integration is the process of bringing together the different component subsystem into one system and ensuring that subsystem s function together as a system. In information technology, system integration is the process of linking together different computing systems and software application physically or functionally, to act as a coordinated while. In today’s generation technology plays a vital role in our society. The computer technology changes the way we communicate. SIfcor Lending Inc. adapts a system that helps them in managing its company The proponent will be using different kinds of software to develop the proposed system.The technologies used to develop the system are programming language such as Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0 and My SQL for the database. The proponent will also use Adobe Photoshop CS5 in creating the graphics for the system. This software’s will help the proponent to easily finish the proposed system with the help of their function. 1. 5 Statement of the Problem This section stated the problem being encountered in the existing system. 1. 5. 1 General Problem The general problem as seen by the proponent is to generate a Financial Management System for Sifcor Lending Inc. that will provide an easier, faster and a useful way of lending. . 5. 2 Specific problem The purpose of the study is to generate a Financial Management System for Sifcor Lending Inc. that will provide an easier, faster and a useful way of lending. Specifically, this should be able to solve the following: 1. 5. 2. 1 How to develop a system that will computerized the payment process of SIFCOR Lending Inc. 1. 5. 2. 2 How to develop a system that will enhance security of client records/information? 1. 5. 2. 3 Computation of loans is time consuming and inaccurate due to the use of manual system in computing the loans of the clients using the calculator, paper, and pen. 1. 5. 2. Hard copies of client information are vulnerable to theft, alte rations and misplace. 1. 6 Objectives of the Study 1. 6. 1 General Objective The general objective of the study is to develop a Financial Management System for SIFCOR Lending Inc. 1. 6. 2 Specific Objectives 1. 6. 2. 1 To develop a system that will computerized the payment process of SIFCOR Lending Inc. 1. 6. 2. 2 To develop a system that will enhance security of client records/information? 1. 6. 2. 3 The system will develop a quick and accurate computation of loans by making a system that will automatically compute the loans of the client. . 6. 2. 4 Securing client loans and information. * To develop a system that is secured and free from unauthorized person. 1. 7 Scope and Delimitation 1. 7. 1 Scope The focus of this study is mainly directed towards the design and development of Finance Management for Sifcor Lending Inc. which includes the following procedures1)automatic data calculations 2) loan management; 3)balance inquiry; 4)monthly dues notices; 5) list of clients with approv ed loans; 6) and a loan ledger for the customers payments and balances. 1. 7. Delimitation Transaction such as passing of requirements, loan application, signing of contract, issuance and printing of receipts are no longer included in the system. These are done manually and they need physical appearances of the borrowers. 1. 8 Significance of the study The significance of the study is to give the lending company owner and employees a knowledge and awareness about the new and smart way of using computerized system in their financial management which until at present they are still using manual method.This study will simplify the employee’s workload by automatic calculations of their client’s loans and will minimize their time spent. Doing this automation they could able to finish their other important task timely. 1. 8. 1 Educational The proposed study will serve as a basis of learning for all Information Technology students, this will give an understanding to the Finan cial Management for Lending Companies and will inspire students to develop and make research with the same concept. This will also serve as a reference or related study for future researchers. 1. 8. 2 SocialThe proposed system is socially significant in a way that it is user friendly and is convenient to use. The completion of this research gave the proponent the opportunity to develop his own confidence as he was able to express himself and his ability as an Information Technology student with numerous people who submitted themselves for an interview. 1. 8. 3 Economical The use of the proposed system will help Sifcor Lending Inc. to reduce paper based system like using many ledger cards and to lessen administrative works because the system will automatically compute the clients loan and balances on the expected date of payment. . 8. 4 Technological The proposed system is technologically significant to the proponent and also to the user it’s because with the use of new improv ised system in the computer. The proposed system will help the user to update their knowledge about computer and system use for the benefit of their financial management in Lending to be fast and easy. 1. 9 Definition of terms These terms are defined and included in this chapter for the readers to understand the whole documentation easily. Lending. Disposing of money or property with the expectation that the same thing (or an equivalent) will be returned. Financial.A branch of economics concerned with resource location as well as resource management, acquisition and investment. Simply, finance deals with matters related to money and the markets. To raise money through the issuance and sale of debt and/or equity. Client. Customer  of a  professional  service provider, or the  principal  of an  agent  or  contractor. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES This section contains materials, summary and excerpts of researches and related literatures about the proof of the current study about the proposed solution the proponent deems relevant to the conceptualization of the whole researches. . 1. 1 Foreign Literature According to the thesis of Kristine Mae Mallari, Carissa Garcia the development of development of technology through the years has enabled us to do more with less effort. (Ralph M. Stair; 1999) As the technology continues to advance, computer is becoming more part of our lives. Computers are everywhere at work, at school, and at home. Many daily activities now may involve the use of computer maybe because computers are used in almost every field and profession like education and office works to perform large number of computer application.According to the thesis of Kristine Mae Mallari, Carissa Garcia the database system makes faster for every institution. For the mere fact that instead of doing things manually, with the use of computer technology everything is done faster (Dan Gurewich; 1999) Database management system (DBM S) consist of a collection of interrelated and set of function to access data. DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in retrieving and storing information. It is also consist of programs for storing, retrieving and manipulating large amount of data.With this article the proponent decided to use a database in storing thee large amount of information taken from the clients profile. It can also enhance manual way of record keeping by having a database. An article found to be linked at http://www. nos. org/htm/sad1. htm, stated that System is created to solves problems. One can think of the systems approach as an organized way of dealing with a problem. In this dynamic world, the subject system analysis and design mainly deals with the software development activities. System life cycle is an organizational process of developing and maintaining systems.It helps in establishing a system project plan, because it gives overall list of processes and sub-pr ocesses required developing a system. 2. 1. 2 Local Literature With the development of the computers, almost half of the business establishments, commercial companies, schools and computer center in the Philippines are completely automated – airlines, hotels, supermarkets and department stores are computers to provide instantaneous and accurate data. And it seems that companies are now taking notice of society’s changing lifestyle. Computers are being compared with the human brains.Like the Brain the advised if, the computer can take data and process it, it can store the data either in raw form or in processing result and can deliver the raw processed data to the outside world demand. Computer works in a very fast way that you can ever imagine. It involves almost everything especially in work like business or school or we can just say a very large population of people. Our country here in the Philippines we can say that we can compete because new technology from other countries has flowed to us. Imagine running a school with large population of students and how will you handle it.Also it affects the kind of environment we have. Here in our country not all business people can provide the needs of their companies. But still with the help of other technology we create a strategy on how will we go on with this kind of problem. People create a system that supports either big or small company. It will be reasonable because these systems meets the requirements of the company and best solutions are suited both environment and networked environment. 2. 2 1 Foreign Studies According to the thesis of Gascon,Arcely M. , Pamintuan, Joseph Carlo C. In an Advance Data System Corporation entitled information and Billing System supports medical Billing Systems, 2011 stated that â€Å"Medical Billing System allows the practice to manage all patient billing and accounting seamlessly and efficiently. It is fully integrated with the EMR, appointment system and charg e capture. Taking advantage of the information flow, it allows quick and easy billing while ensuring a high degree of accuracy and traceability. The system interfaces with leading electronic clearinghouses for electronic claim submission and tracking.With a comprehensive set of reports, it presents all practice management information in an effective manner for analysis and tracking. According to the thesis of Franco,George Ferman M. , Mariano Jr, Romeo C. , Yambao,Mary Grace M. , Automation of the system prove that it generates aped and accuracy, lessen the errors done by manual means and eliminate wasted time that will result for a better service that will cater the company and the employee as well. According to the thesis of Grona, Rusell, manlapaz, Joana Marie M. Business use data processing for such tasks as payroll preparation, accounting, record keeping, inventory control sales analysis, and the processing of bank and credit card account statements. Engineers and scientist use data processing for a wide variety of application, including the processing of seismic data for oil and mineral exploration, the of new product designs, the processing of satellite imagery, and the analysis of data from scientific experiments. Data processing is divided into two kinds of processing: database processing and transaction processing.A database is a collection of common records that can be searched, accessed, and modified, such as bank account records, school transcripts, and income tax data. 2. 2. 2 Local Studies According to the thesis of Elsie Punsalan, Criz Angel Garcia, stated that â€Å"to maximize the usefulness of information, business must manage it correctly, just as it managed other resources manages need to understand that costs are associated with the production, distribution security, storage and retrieval of all information. Although information is all amount us; it is not be taken for granted.In the unpublished thesis entitled manila central cooperative accounting System with Decision Support System by Bautista Catherine and Dela Cruz Juliet A. , Septerber 1996 stated that: â€Å"Computerized Accounting System ffor MMC. Intended to replace the existing manual system in order to make a accounting office work more efficient and beneficial to the members of the employees as well as to the cooperative†. In the unpublished thesis entitled Billing System for Castro Maternity and General Hospital by Maglonzo and Cruzon, 2005 stated that: The system is a major leap forward in computing. It makes computation easier and more fun to use with many user interface and performance enhancement. It will get more work in less time. Professional in every field is discovering knowledge to meet thus change†. Chapter3 3. 1 Theoretical Framework of the Study The Theoretical framework of the study is used to show how the existing and proposed system works. It also illustrates how the proposed system evolved from the existing system. 3. 2 Con ceptual Framework of the Study Figure 3. 2 illustrate how the system flows.Conceptual framework is a group of concept that are broadly defined and systematically organized to provide a focus, a rationale, and a tool for the integration and interpretation of information. 3. 3 Research Setting The proponent conduct a research in SIFCOR LENDING INVESTOR INC. who are also the intended beneficiaries of the proposed system. SIFCOR Lending Investor Inc. is located at Sindalan, City of San Fernando. 3. 4 Research Population The Research Population composed of the company’s employee who gives information that helped the proponent in developing their system.Respondents answered question which expressed their perspectives about the current and proposed system that helped the proponent to further analyze the flow of the system. The Research Population of the proponent composed of the employees and as well the consumers, who are the intended beneficiary of the proposed system. 3. 5 Resear ch design the proponent aim is to satisfy the needs of the users of the study by providing the users with the reliable information which could be a great help. It also discusses the methods uses by the proponent to come up with he procedures on how to identify existing problems in the current system and the procedures on how to develop the proposed system. 3. 5. 1 Descriptive Method This method of research is a fact-finding technique with sufficient meaning. It can help the proponent understand how the current system is supposed to work and determine the comparison and analysis of the existing and the proposed system. It is a way of gathering information to complete the study. This shows the activities that will observe for the development of the existing system.Descriptive Research, also known as statistical research, describe data and characteristics about the population or phhenominon being studied. Descriptive research answer the question who, what, where, when, and how. Althoug h the data description is factual, accurate and systematic, the research canno9t describe what caused a situation. Thus, Description research cannot be used to create a casual relationship, where one variable affect another. In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirements for internal validity. The description is used for frequencies, averages and other statistical calculations.Often the best approach, prior to writing descriptive research, is to conduct a survey investigation. Qualitative research often has the aim of description and researchers may follow-up with examinations of why the observations exist and what the implications of the finding are 3. 6 Methods of Research Used This type of research, as the definition implies, will helps the proponent to collect all the necessary information needed for the implementation of the project. To provide an accurate, fast, efficient and a more convenient way for applying loans is the objective of this project . . 6. 1 Creative Method This research method implies the stylistic approach and aesthetic concept of human experiences that the proponent must acquire in order to develop the proposed system. The proponents used this method in such a way that they made sure that the system would look enticing to its users yet serve the same expected funntionality. 3. 6. 2 Library Method 3. 6. 3 Internet Research Method 3. 7 Data Gathering Techniques and Instrument 3. 7. 1 Observation. The observation of current operating procedures is another fact-finding technique.Seeing the system in action gives the proponents an additional perspective and a better understanding of the system procedures. A personal observation also allow them to verify the statements made in the interviews and determine whether procedures really operate as they are describe. Through observation, they discover that neither the system documentation nor the interview statements are accurate. It provide important advantages as the d evelopment process continues. 3. 7. 2 Interview. The proponent personally interviewed some of the respondents.Personal interview is usually the most expensive fact-finding technique because it is a costly time consuming process. An interview is more familiar and personal than a questionnaire. Respondents who are unwilling to put critical or controversial comments in writing might talk more freely in person. 3. 7. 3 Questionnaires. The proponent used this method because it gives the respondents an opportunity to provide inputs and suggestion. This methods helps distinguish the viewpoint of the respondents who are mainly concern in collecting valuable information about the existing system.Questionnaire construction is critical to the success of a survey. 3. 7. 4 Evaluation These are forms with criteria that evaluate the performance of the existing study. These forms are given to the users that will evaluate the existing system with respect to their efficiency, reliability and effectiv eness. With the help of evaluation form, the proponent were able to analyze the feasibility of the proposed system based from the ratings given by respondents. 3. 8 Analytical tools 3. 8. 1 Ishikawa Diagram 3. 8. 2 Data Flow Diagram Is a graphical representation of the â€Å"flow† of data through an information system.DFD’s were introduced and popularized for structured analysis and design. DFD’s show the flow of data from external entities into the system, showed how the data move from one process to another, as well as its logical storage. The proponents considered the following: In creating the DFD, where does the data that passes through the system come from and where does it go, what delays occur between the inputs and outputs. Using DFD, the proponents can easily analyze the flow of the system that will enable to describe what part of the processing needs to be prioritized. 3. 8. 3 Visual Table of ContentIt is a pictorial means of preventing data. It helps the proponents to display the information needed. It illustrates present systems and describes a proposed system to the user, programmer or operations. 3. 8. 4 Input – Process – Output IPO Model  is a  functional model  and  conceptual schema  of a general  system. An IPO chart identifies a program’s inputs, its outputs, and the processing steps required to transform the inputs into the outputs. Along with a definition, many times you will be asked to draw a diagram to show the stages. It is essential that you learn the diagram below, along with the direction of information flows.You need to be able to reproduce it exactly. 3. 8. 5 Flow Chart 3. 8. 5. 1 Program Flow Chart A program flowchart is a diagrammatic representation that will illustrates the sequence of operations to be performed to get the solution of a problem. The flowchart is a means of visually presenting the flow of data through an information processing systems, the operations perform ed within the system and the sequence in which they are performed. In this lesson, we shall concern ourselves with the program flow chart, which describes what operations are required to solve a given problem.The program flow chart can be likened to the blueprint of a building. As we know a designer draws a blueprint before starting construction on a building. Similarly, a programmer prefers to draw a flow chart prior to writing a computer program. 3. 9 Method Used in Developing the System 3. 9. 1 System Planning. To create a project basic thing to do is to create a plan. The system analyst determines and identifies the planning phase. Identify meaning, to identify the project goals and needs of the system. 3. 9. 2 System analysis. This phase refines project goals into defined functions and operation of the intended application.It analyzes end-user information needs. This is used by the proponent in integrating the lending system to understand and document in detail the business nee ds and the processing of requirements of the proposed system. 3. 9. 3 System Design. A sample structure of the entire study is created in the phase and all necessary data are gathered. It describes the describe features and operations in detail, including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams and other documentation. The output of this stage will describe the new system as a collection of modules or subsystems.This is used by the proponent to design the proposed system based on the requirements defined and decisions made during the analysis. 3. 9. 4 System Implementation. Modular and subsystem programming code will be accomplished in this phase. Unit testing and module testing are done in the phase by the proponent. This phase is intermingled with the next in that individual modules will need testing before integration to the main project. It is used by the proponent to build, test, and install a reliable system with trained ready to benefit as expected from use of the sy stem. 3. 9. 5 System operation and support. . 10 Justification of Method Used. 3. 11 Method for Product Evaluation. 3. 11. 1 Technical Feasibility. Determines the verification and proving of system accessibility and availability in the local market of the system requirement peripherals such as software and hardware. 3. 11. 2 Operational feasibility. This method determines if the proposed system gives the satisfactory result and output for its target users and market, whether there will be problems in applying and implementing the system in its operational environment in determining the operational feasibility. 3. 11. 2. 1 Efficiency.The ability to complete the result without wasted energy and effort. 3. 11. 2. 2 Reliability Refers to the dependability of the system in performing its intended functions and giving satisfactory results. 3. 11. 2. 3 Effectiveness The degree to achieve the usability of the system and its ability to solve problems encountered of the locale’s curren t system. The Likert’s was applied to the qualitative data collected because its appropriate in evaluating the feedback obtained from respondents. A Likert’s scale measures the extent to which a person agrees or disagrees with the question. Scale| Range of Mean| Verbal Interpretation(VI)| 5| 4. 1-5. 00| excellent| 4| 3. 41-4. 20| Very Satisfactory| 3| 2. 61-3. 40| Satisfactory| 2| 1. 81-2. 60| Fair| 1| 1. 00-1. 80| Poor| Table 3. 1 Likert’s Scale 1. Mean. This was used to determine the average rating of each criteria that was set in the proposed system that the respondent evaluated. The formula for getting the mean is as follows: M= f(X1+X2+X3+†¦Xn) N Where: F=refers to the frequency (f) or the number of times that a given number (x) was chosen by the respondents. (X1 + x2 + x3 + †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Xn) or any of the numerical ratings (5,4,3,2,1) representing the evaluator’s rating n= represents the sample size of the total number of respondents. . Weigh ted Mean. The weighted mean was used to describe the perception of the respondents concerning the proposed software. To determine the weighted mean, the proponent used the following formula: E f (X1+X2+X3+†¦Xn) N Where: Ef(X1+X2+X3+†¦Xn) = summation of means of all criterion. N= Total number of respondents 3. 12 Statistical treatment of Data This study is essential in order to make used of data in right form by computing them mathematically. The proponent used z-test, this is use by the proponent to make comparative studies between two samples. (See to Appendix M) 1. Formula for Frequency Mean (FM): (X1 + X2 +X3 + †¦ Xn)FM = f _________________________________________ n Where: f = product of the frequency and a particular numeric rating for a given criteria. n = sample size represented by the total number of respondents (X1 + X2 +X3 + †¦ Xn) = any numeric rating 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 representing the evaluators rating option for each given criteria. 2. Formula for Wei ghted Mean (WM): ? f(X1 + X2 +X3 + †¦ Xn) WM = _______________________________________________ N Where: ? f (X1 + X2 +X3 + †¦ Xn) = the summation of all frequency mean N = total number of criteria 3. T-Test Computation __ __ t =X1 – X2 n1-1(S1)2+ (n2-1)(S2)2n1+ n2-2 1n1+1n2 3. 13 System Development Cost The following formulas are used in computing the total cost in developing the proposed system. Salvage value = (Total Hardware Cost/Life Expentancy)*(Development Period) Months per year Annual Depreciation Cost = (Total Hardware Cost-Salvage Value) Life Expentancy Monthly Depreciation Cost = (Annual Depreciation Cost) Months per year Hardware Development Cost = (Monthly Depreciation Cost * Development Period) Software Development Cost = (Monthly Depreciation Cost * Development Period) Labor Cost = (Developer’s Fee per Month * Development Period)KWh used by Computer = (number of watts * number of hours per month) 1000w KWh used by Electric Fan = (number of watt s * number of hours per month) 1000w KWh used by Light = (number of watts * number of hours per month) 1000w Total Monthly Power Consumption = KWh used by Computer + KWh used by Electric Fan + KWh used by Light Total Basic Charge = Generation Change + Transmission Change + System Loss Change + Distribution Change + Supply Change Total Development Cost = Hardware Cost + Software Cost + Labor Cost + Miscellaneous Cost + Total Overhead Cost