Self critque

The research I used was mostly from personal experience with my daughter's condition as well as information I researched online. I feel Like I used a lot of Information and my classmates got a lot from It also. 2. Organization: I attempted to keep my presentation organized In a way that I could convey my speech both In a emotional and Informative way. I used somewhat of a chronological order when It came to explaining the events In my daughter's life but I do feel that I caked a bit In organization. . Introduction: The attention getter I used was Just me talking about why each one of us was taking the time to talk about something were passionate about and how my choice was a bit different than many others my age. I believe it was effective in setting the tone for the presentation. I did present the main points of speech but it wasn't until after I introduced the subject. 4. Body: I feel I presented the information in a logical way and was able to keep everything together with the the sis.Since the topic of my speech/presentation was about my daughter, my original fear was to lose track into another subject since I felt I could talk forever about her. I did narrow it down to the main points keeping everything relevant to the thesis. 5. Conclusion: I closed my presentation with the title of my speech which was, â€Å"A little light shines a long way†. I felt it conveyed an important message of never giving up and persevering in life, which is relatable in many situations to many people.I ended my speech with short video and my final words to review what was said during the entire speech, so it was clear that my presentation was over. 6. Transitions: I used transitions mostly when I was transitioning between ideas during my speech. I tried to firstly start with the idea of the subject and then introduce It completely. Although I did feel my transitions were a bit rough, it is something I need to work on. 7. Visual Ad: I worked very hard on my visual aid and felt that It helped convey my speech tenfold!I think I would use the same method of presenting any other speech because I felt hat using a Powering presentation Is one of the best ways of visually showing your audience what you want to talk about. 8. Telling: When It came to timing, I wanted everything to sound natural and sincere so I TLD want to rush. Having used this method, I believe I went over my time Limit, which will be something I will have to work on. 9. Delivery: Initially I was very nervous, so I started speaking very quickly, but as I progressed along, my speed slowed down because I became comfortable with my audience.I audience, which in the end helped a lot. 0. Practice: I rehearsed my presentation several times with my family and classmate Carmen. I feel like getting their feedback helped a lot with condensing UN-useful information, as well as adding better and necessary points to my speech that I had not noticed or already had.

Effects of Christianity on Behaviour, Attitude and Lifestyle Essay

â€Å"There could be no such things as prison in a truly Christian society.† I think a truly Christian society is based on the life and teaching of Jesus, this means we must follow the 10 commandments and the gospel values. At the heart of Christian society there should be existence of love, forgiveness, mercy, justice to criminals. Jesus’ command was to â€Å"Love your God, Love your neighbour and Love yourself.† By obeying these commandments we are being Christ-like which is what the Christian society is all about. Forgiveness does not mean letting people walk all over you! But it is important. Christianity follows Jesus’ teaching in stressing that forgiveness is vital. It may be very hard, particularly for the victim of a crime. The Prodigal Son was a parable that showed forgiveness. The prison is the means to deliver the punishment, the denial of freedom. The convicted are imprisoned as a punishment, not for punishment. â€Å"Her Majesty’s Prison Service serves the public by keeping in custody those committed by the courts. Our duty is to look after them with humanity and help them lead law abiding and useful lives in custody and after release.† HM Prisons Service’s Mission Statement 1988. Three principles in prison craft: Security- to hold securely those sent to prison. Humanity- to treat prisoners with humanity, prisoners lose their liberty they should not lose their humanity. They are still human beings with the rights that their nature awards them. Assistance- to help make prisoners law abiding and give them useful lives. Prison can exist in a truly Christian society but not always, poor prison conditions do not lead to reform, they only serve to make prisoners worse. To become better people they need first and foremost their dignity, remember Jesus’ command to love self, this means having a good self-esteem. Prisoners have a right to feel safe, the opposite happened in Fletham Young Offenders Institution. March 2000, 19 year old Zahid Mubarek was beaten to death by his cellmate, Robert Stewart had a history of racist and violent behaviour. This evidence does not allow for fostering self-esteem or provide opportunities to rehabilitate. For prison to uphold Christian principles the reform of the offender is of paramount importance. Practical measures such as education, drink and drug therapy and counseling are required. There is evidence that education effects personal change in prisoners, not only through the acquisition of practical skills and knowledge, but also through fostering self-esteem and skills in communication. Mike Hart, Category A prisoner, killed a 20 year olds woman in an armed robbery. Whole in prison he become a born again Christian, and has worked on projects while inside to help young people be aware of what prison is really like in an attempt to turn young people away from the life of crime or potential crime. One such project, â€Å"Better Out than In† was a drama presentation re. The image of prisoners and prisons, depicting the harsh reality. How effective his work been, very difficult to assess but anecdotal evidence suggests that it is. There could and couldn’t be such things as prison in a truly Christian society, it depends on the type of prison and what happens in the prison as to whether prison has a place in a truly Christian society. For prisons to co-exist in a truly Christian society they need to have therapeutic regime employed to rehabilitate the offender rather than punitive one. Not many people can uphold the mission statement, so it needs to be looked at and improved in order to fit into a Christian society. If we look ahead Christians today can also help reform prisoners like the Howard Penal League, where prisoners where able to reform by their help. During the 19th Century Elizabeth Fry Quaker who was a Christian went to prison to help rehabilitate criminals.

Brazil Essay Research Paper Brazil is the

Brazil Essay, Research Paper Brazil is the largest state in South America. It stretches about 2700 stat mis from the underside of the Andes Mountains eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. It borders on every state of the continent except for Chile and Ecuador. Brazils functionary name is the Federative Republic of Brazil. Brazil occupies about half of South America and is the universe s fifth-largest state in country. Although its country is merely a little less than that of the United States, Brazil s population is merely approximately 60 % that of the United States. The capital of Brazil is Brasilia. It was built in the Highlandss get downing in 1957 to promote development of the inside. The population in Brasilia is estimated to be about 1,576,657. The largest metropolis is Sao Paulo and it is estimated that the population there is near10, 099,086. Brazil s entire population is estimated to be approximately 150,400,000. History Brazil is the lone Latin American state that takes its linguistic communication and civilization from Portugal. The native dwellers largely consisted of the mobile Tup -Guaran Indians. Adm. Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed the district for Portugal in 1500. The early adventurers brought back a wood that produced a ruddy dye, pau-brasil, this is where the land received its name. Portugal began colonisation in 1532 and made the country a royal settlement in 1549. During the Napoleonic Wars, King Jo o VI, fearing the progressing Gallic ground forcess, ran the state in 1808 and set up his tribunal in Rio de Janeiro. Jo O was brought place in 1820 by a revolution, go forthing his boy as trustee. When Portugal wanted to cut down Brazil once more to colonial position, the prince declared Brazil # 8217 ; s independency on Sept. 7, 1822, and became Pedro I, emperor of Brazil. Harassed by his Parliament, Pedro I abdicated in 1831 in favour of his five-year-old boy, who became emperor in 1840 ( Pedro II ) . The boy was a popular sovereign, but discontent built up and, in 1889, following a military rebellion, he had to renounce. Although a democracy was proclaimed, Brazil was ruled by military absolutisms until a rebellion permitted a gradual return to stableness under civilian presidents. In the last of a long series of military putschs, Gen. Jo o Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo became president in 1979 and pledged a return to democracy in 1985. The election of Tancredo Neves on Jan. 15, 1985, the first civilian president since 1964, brought a countrywide moving ridge of optimism, but when Neves died on April 21, Vice President Sarney became president. Sarney was widely distrusted because he had antecedently been a member of the military government # 8217 ; s political party. Collor de Mello won the election of late 1989, plighting to take down the chronic hyperinflation by following the way of free-market economic sciences. When Collor faced impeachment by Congress because of a corruptness dirt in Dec. 1992 and resigned, Vice President Itamar Franco assumed the presidential term. A former finance curate, Fernando Cardoso won the presidential term in the Oct. 1994 election with 54 % of the ballot. Cardoso has engineered the disposal of bad government-owned monopolies in the telecommunication, electrical power, port, excavation, railroad, and banking industries. In his short clip in office Cardoso # 8217 ; s economic acumen has made a mensurable dent in Brazil # 8217 ; s poverty degree. Culture The cultural diverseness that today characterizes the Brazilian population and the graduated tables of values of the different groups have promoted a civilization, which, far from representing a compact unit, consists of a grouping of different traditions and cultural m Langes. Within the society unmetabolised residues of crude civilizations, that still feed racial bias and favoritism, coexist alongside other universe positions, in peculiar the so called # 8220 ; American manner of life # 8221 ; based on the theoretical account of the industrialised West. The consequence of this is a societal thaw pot, which, similar to the North American 1, supports Braz il’s domination in the continent. The history of Brazilian art may be divided into three periods: The clip prior to the reaching of the Europeans ( up to 1500 A.D. ) , the period between the landing of the Portuguese and independency ( 1822 ) and the period that brings us up to today. As respects the prehistoric period ( from 8000 to 1000 B.C. ) , there are three distinguishable groupings of artistic discoveries: carvings and pictures on stone, which have been discovered in legion vicinities, instruments and comparatively rare sculptures in rock, and ceramics which constitute the most conspicuous grouping. At the beginning of the first millenary new groups, likely of Andean beginning and who had mastered agribusiness and the industry of ceramics, gave rise to a last stage in the development of local art that lasted up until the reaching of the Portuguese. The art of the Brazilian Indians continues to be today. However, it can merely be appreciated in portion since the groups that still pattern the traditional manner of life have been driven to remote internal parts of the state and their merchandises may be seen above all in museums and private aggregations. The 17th and 18th centuries are considered the aureate age for architecture, ornament and ornamentation of edifices. The alleged # 8220 ; Colonial Baroque # 8221 ; is particularly noticeable in domestic architecture, testimony to the traditions and manner of life imported from the fatherland. The drive force behind cultural development during this period were the missional orders. Of similar importance in the architectural field were military installings constructed by European designers. A particular topographic point is reserved, in the Brazilian figurative humanistic disciplines, for the retabulos, communion table pieces that constitute a cosmetic component conceived as a mark of the exultant Church of the Counter-reformation. Sculpture and picture are both basically connected to spiritual life. Neo-classicism arrived late in Brazil and characterized the whole of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century Brazilian architecture has developed in connexion with the growing of the metropoliss. The most of import undertaking of this century has been the planning and building of the new capital, Brasilia, commissioned by president Kubztschek and designed by the designers Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer. Of these two the latter has left his grade in a manner which, in a atavist to the traditions of the Baroque, creates constructions that have aesthetic every bit good as functional purposes. Government Executive subdivision: head of province: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO ( since 1 January 1995 ) ; Vice President Marco MACIEL note the president is both the head of province and caput of authorities caput of authorities: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO ; Vice President Marco MACIEL note the president is both the head of province and caput of authorities cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and frailty president elected on the same ticket by popular ballot for four-year footings ; election last held 4 October 1998 election consequences: Fernando Henrique CARDOSO reelected president ; per centum of ballot 53 % Legislative subdivision: bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado Federal and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados Elections: Federal Senate last held 4 October 1998 for tierce of Senate ; Chamber of Deputies last held 4 October 1998 election consequences: Federal Senate per centum of ballot by party NA % ; seats by party PMDB 27, PFL 20, PSDB 16, PT 7, PPB 5 ; Chamber of Deputies per centum of ballot by party NA % ; seats by party PFL 106, PSDB 99, PMDB 82, PPB 60, PT 58 Judicial subdivision: Supreme Federal Tribunal, 11 Judgess are appointed for life by the president and confirmed by the Senate

Communication stumbling blocks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communication stumbling blocks - Essay Example For example, Barna in his works noted,â€Å"increased interaction through travel, students exchange programs, and other ventures should result in more understanding and friendship between nations†(Barna, p. 66). However, this is different especially due to variations of cultural contexts. These variations in cultural contexts create intercultural communication stumbling blocks, such as non verbal communication and time sense variations, thus lack of consensus during mediation and negotiations. Although I do not agree with Barna’s presumption that intercultural communication would result in understanding between nations, I agree with his assertion that â€Å"it takes a long time before a foreigner can adjust in a new culture† (Barna, p. 66). According to Kinetics, (2010), among the six stumbling blocks to effective cross cultural communication is nonverbal misinterpretation.A good example is the one given by the Japanese student, whereby he noticed that his non verbal communication did not coincide with the one of his Japanese culture (Barna, p. 67). He received a smile from American girls but only came to discover that the girls had no interest for him, unlike in his Japanese case, whereby such a smile can mean the person is sexual maniac. In such a situation, it would take quite some time before the Japanese student can fully adapt to the American culture. In regard to my own experience, I think the situation is more complext that it can be explained in writing. As I noted earlier during my visit to Tanzania in East Africa, I learned many things apart from their time factor issue. As I was speaking with some young girls, I noticed that they talked to me while bowing. In my own culture, this could mean that the person you are talking to is not attentive to what you are talking about, while in African culture it means that the person has high respect for you,

Managing teams effectively Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing teams effectively - Essay Example An obstructionist or a toxic group member is usually an individual who methodically and systematically impedes and blocks the progress of a project (Holpp, 1098). Hence, team leadership essentially involves the talent and the ability to deal with all forms of members in a team, be it the slackers or an obstructionist. As per the existing knowledge and theories of team management, the best way to deal with a slacker or an obstructionist is to follow a mixed approach, which aims at confronting the inherent propensities of such people, to bring them out into the open, while accompanied by soft tactics like acknowledging one’s best qualities and by motivating one to contribute to team effort (Holpp, 1998). Such a hot and cold approach towards the personality types under consideration is bound to yield the desired results, because of its moderation and versatility (Holpp, 1998). A slacker shirks responsibility or work does not mean that one is devoid of talent, skills, insight or a ptitude. So, simply speaking, a slacker stands to be a potential asset for a team if somehow one figures out a way to make one work (Holpp, 1988). Usually a slacker tends to avoid or by pass responsibility because one has a perception that the other team members are not consciously aware of one’s tactics of or predilection for doing so (Holpp, 1998). So the most effective way to disarm a slacker is to confront one and make one realize that the others are well cognizant of one’s talent for shirking work. However, confrontation here does not connote to aggressive or brazen interactions. In fact it means making a slacker realize that in a friendly and decent way, while giving one a chance to save face. A slacker is a talented person who cheats on work, and once one realizes that others are well aware of one’s propensity to cheat, one will certainly avoid repeating such a behavior, at least conspicuously (Holpp, 1998). Bringing things out into the open should be acc ompanied by meaningful soft strategies like defining the job responsibility of a slacker, appreciating one for one’s abilities and the immense contribution one could make to the team, allocating one short term targets with chalked out deadlines and the like. On the contrary, if a slacker continues to cheat even when one is revealed, then this calls for a timely disciplinary action. One way or other, sooner or later, a slacker will have to be confronted. There is no other way out, or is there? The team is bound to lose or face unrest if it indefinitely allows a member to be a non performer (Holpp, 1998). When it comes to an obstructionist, they are the team members who stymie projects while strongly believing that their stratagems are not obvious to other team members (Holpp, 1998). Again, bringing things out into the open by confronting an obstructionist is the best possible way to desist one. However, such a confrontation is bound to fail if not accompanied by a revelation o f the strategy and modus operandi of an obstructionist, as it will give one a chance to deny charges (Holpp, 1998). There are many ways in which an obstructionist operates. Some tend to withhold the information required by a team to succeed. There are others who bring in an element of aggression and controversy in the group meetings to mislead a team from its real objectives. Then there come obstructionists who play on resources by allocating resources to

Home alone part 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Home alone part 1 - Essay Example It is on one morning he finds himself alone in the house, but the family did not leave him intentionally. His dream comes true, but, unfortunately, some thieves attempt to rob the house but they get arrested in the end. (Bettig, 145) In Home Alone movie, Kevin is struggling to get his freedom in this family full of bullies. He feels that he does not belong to the family and even he gets to a point whereby he wishes that he did not have a family at all. Kevin is left behind by the family after they are rushing to catch the aircraft to Paris for vacation. Kevin was left in his bedroom that is in the third floor because he quarrels with his brother. Unfortunately, he is forgotten and left him in the house alone. However, Kevin is very happy and feels free as he once wished. He feels very good to be alone, having all the pizzas for himself, messing around and also jumping and playing on his parent’s bed. Kevin family is seen to leave their home to Paris for Christmas holiday. As as result, he is left alone in the house unintentionally by his family that he wishes that he never had. Unfortunately, Kevin does not know the real importance of it, or he does not consider it important as the rest of the family members. It is because, even after he learns that he is alone, to him feels like an absolute relieves from his bullying family. Kevin finds his house a difficult place to leave because of his other siblings and cousins too. Kevin is bullied by almost in the house. For instance, he feels that his cousins are bullying him making him do things he does not want to do. On the other hand, Kevin was forced to stay in his bedroom because his brother and he had an argument. In this case he feels bullied. Another theme that evolves the entire movie is the aspect of injustice. For instance, Kevin is forced to go to his bedroom that is on the third floor. He feels that he is not treated equally as the other members of the

Peope and organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peope and organization - Assignment Example This person was so friendly and he was accommodative to his entire subordinates. We could freely interact with him and always encouraged us to share our ideas and views in situations we felt that some changes should be made. Unlike other managers, this person used the open door approach where any person could approach him if he or she had a problem. The main difference between the two workers is that the first one inhibited learning in the company while the second one promoted it. the success of a company can be attributed to learning where employees can freely share their ideas and views. The management style used by the second employee was accommodative while the first co worker was authoritative in nature. 2. The ethical dilemma I encountered at school was related to the issue of using other people’s work as mine. The assignment I was working on was quite challenging and I was tempted to use my friend’s previous assignment. I intended to change a few things but I was fully aware that academic dishonesty is a serious offence. This was a crucial paper in my academic career so I had to make every effort to get the much needed pass. However, I used the decision tree to make a decision to solve this ethical dilemma. First and foremost, I realised that it was illegal to use other people’s work as yours. I also realised the repercussions of academic dishonesty and I decided not to take the action I wanted to take in the first place. Indeed, I could succeed but I felt guilty for taking that particular action. Sometimes we commit crimes unknowingly but this still will be an offence since ignorance cannot be defence. I learnt that one should first analyse the situation before taking action since this may impact on the outcome of thet action. In some cases, it is very wise to do the right thing using the right method. There are serious implications for practicing activities that are deemed as illegal. This can negatively impact on one’s academic career

Philosophy Questions (Machiavellis Statement ) Essay

Philosophy Questions (Machiavellis Statement ) - Essay Example It is also especially true for the government that is designed to develop and implement mechanisms that safeguard the interests of the people. The various mechanisms of governance, empirical compulsions etc are important paradigms that must be accompanied by creating awareness among people about pros and con of the issues. The knowledge therefore becomes a critical element of positive influence so that it can be amicably accepted by the society at large. People of US also agree with the view because various policies vis-a-vis drug addiction, immigration policies etc promote prohibitions which results in clandestine activities that defy the tenets of government regulations. The wider implications of prohibitions are widespread and are prone to create a desire for covert activities. The notion of hording of weapons as a deterrent measure is also not right because it Hiroshima is a prime example of misuse of weapons that has resulted in unimaginable catastrophe. The use or misuse depend s on the leadership and therefore sends a strong message of insecurity amongst the people. The recent Iraq war gives credence to these statements. It also forces the people to redefine the process of building a better civil society where inter-dependency across nation is used a tool to create equity. (words: 266)

None Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

None - Term Paper Example These pollutants have migrated off the site which became the basis of the case. In late 2008, families in the small town of Attica, Indiana learned that toxic chemical vapors were entering the air inside their homes.   After getting the bad news, these families turned to The Pollution Lawyers for help.   A class suit was then filed against Kraft Foods Global, Inc. alleging that the volatile organic compounds trichloroethylene (TCE), perchloroethylene (PCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) that was dumped at the manufacturing site by Kraft seeped into the groundwater and traveled underneath over  one-hundred nearby homes (Manzke, 2011).   It was alleged that once these chemicals are underneath these homes, the chemicals worked their way into the indoor air.   This process is commonly known as vapor intrusion (Manzke, 2011).   Vapor intrusion occurs when volatile chemicals from contaminated groundwater or soil â€Å"intrude† into an overlying building. These chemicals contaminate the air, causing a potential health hazard to individuals in the building who are subject to prolonged exposure to the chemicals (Nichols et al., 2011). After two years of litigation, a settlement was then reached. The court approved the amount of $8.1 million out of court settlement of the class action brought by 124 families in Attica, Indiana, against Kraft Foods alleging pollution from a nearby factory contaminated groundwater and caused vapor intrusion in their homes (Stoll v. Kraft Foods Global Inc.,  S.D. Ind., No. 1:09-cv-00364, 5/20/11). Also, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana approved the $2.7 million attorney’s fees that were requested plaintiffs. In addition to the monetary compensation,  Kraft has contractually agreed to remediate the groundwater and indoor air contamination of the site (Manzke, 2011). The $9.8 million ($8.1 million out of court settlement plus $2.7 million attorneys fees

Non-Marital Breakups Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Non-Marital Breakups - Coursework Example The person’s oral or written narratives explaining their experiences or actions describing characters and events and inferring the meaning and motives in the course of retelling and reviewing the love stories.   Social creatures are faced with two risks, rejection and betrayal when pursuing intimacy. Rejection can occur when the hope-for relationship never develops, cut short, or fails when the other expresses dissatisfaction. Betrayal is insidious, a threat that emerges only if intimacy succeeds-for a time. The other, having the advantage of special information, having gained our trust, turns around and turns on us, revealing our vulnerabilities, badmouthing us, teasing us. Why then do we will hand that very risky unknown our phone number? Why do we have to take heartbreaker one more time?   This involves a mental search for explanations, driven to some extents, â€Å"If only† and regrets. For the leaver and the leave, the end of a relationship is traumatic and triggers a self-protective review of reasons and signs which could prevent future losses.   There are two types of loneliness, emotional loneliness, and social loneliness. The emotional loneliness refers to the isolation, focused on missing one’s intimate partner and losing the unique comforts of that relationship. Social loneliness is disorientation and excommunication one feels when one has lost one’s place and marital status.   After a breakup, the visibility and social activity of one’s ex-exaggerate the individual’s plight. If you have been left, the presence of your ex in your social network suggests that you are easily rejectable. If you are the one who left, your ex may offer testimony to all who would listen to your guilt and betrayal.   

Program Summary Essay Example for Free

Program Summary Essay The process of a program’s development is to acknowledge what exactly the program is, and what mission they set forth to achieve. Regarding the Far West Elementary School’s organization mission where they work as a team filled with parents, and staff who are dedicated to creating a caring, exciting environment that promotes responsibility, self esteem, and academic achievement where differences are valued and learning is a lifelong goal. Although the mission promotes responsibility the school lacks in English proficiency. This program curriculum is undeveloped because the staff is lacking the qualifications; they are teaching the children using non certified or non licensed skills. The material needs to be upgraded via the English curricula. In order for the limited English proficiency (LEP) skills to grow the qualifications of the staff must be qualified. Within this program it will provide thoroughness, communication, and financial management. These elements are needed because it will build the morale of the program, the current staff and students skills, and the community of the low cost area of Far West Elementary School. Assessments: Assessments will be to analyze the programs purpose and its empowerment. According to, Gutierrez (1994) defines empowerment as the â€Å"process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals, families, and communities can take action to improve their situations†. I chose this quote because I felt it works well with the school and how one can increase their skills when it comes to defining the process and determining the goal. The assessments determine if the faculty member is qualified to teach in a professional manner? The assessments will be constructed by licensed bilingual counselors who document the knowledge, skills, and beliefs of the staff; it will focus on the case studies, the learning styles, and experimental work (Wikipedia, 2009) of students as well. Once the staff members are increasing their English proficiency skills the students will then become more advanced. This will serve as the process used for the staff being a positive outcome. The process will prove that the development of the plan was evaluated; it will identify the measure used to develop the plan, which were the workshop sessions. The data collected will be the presented through the students and their English skills increasing. The reporting and results will follow by the many programs that will be offered, by the families of the students skills improving, and the preparation of enrolling new students and staff within the school. The thoroughness the program will reflect will show how eager it is increasing the English skill in the community. It will drain all energy taken with the counselors using with their senior skills, in making sure all aspects of the program’s session are passed. This will include the performance of the community, the faculty, and the productiveness of the students. The measures the program assessments will take will be resourceful in present and future lives of the students. They will be constructed to abide by the mission of the school. Needs and Problem Statement: The programs needs and problem assessments would be to evaluate the staff and improve their proficiently in teaching the English language. Specific needs of the program to be focused on are alternative certification program, special support for teachers, and improving the skills for higher education. The influences and expectations play in a role in administrator’s role of the agency because the significance of it is to connect with their staff and oversea that duties of the agency are being done. According, to Far West Elementary School administrators their needs are to make sure that the (LEP) skills are increased by making sure the staff are taking advantage of all the training programs offered by the counselors and funders. Administrators are to make sure the pressure is on in understanding the fact that achieving the (LEP) skill betters the elementary school, the staff guiding and forcing the direction. The problem occurs when there aren’t any funds being allocated for the program. Program Planning: Grant funding will be set through the proposal planning for the program. The program will propose the government with its attribute and prove the program should is qualified enough for their funds. By, introducing yourself and introducing the program that you want funded, it will benefit the people of the community. The function of the grant proposal is to allow you to communicate and present your proposal of the plan or program is looking for funding. The purpose of the proposal is to gain funds for a program that will better someone or families. The purpose is to present your program before it is even considered a program. Grant proposals relates to a program plan by proposing ideas, suggesting programs or simply bringing new ideas to the table that need to be approved and funded. They both take in considerations to help others and address problems within a community. Communication is the element the program will be best at and portray. The relevance of communication in the program is top high because it’s used to connect the staff, students and their families and show what’s most important each other. Talking and expressing their needs of why increasing the limited English proficiency skill is the number one key within this program. Alternate funding: Alternate funding will be the bonding aspect within the program. It will include Ideas of nontraditional funding which includes activities that involve the community more than the government. The program is locating funding through fundraising like raffling off tickets for prizes; therefore more people will participate knowing they can win a prize. Another alternate funding strategy would be selling dinners in the community for reasonable prices; the program staff will present talent shows for the community which they will participate in as well. Activities will be listed as, special events like face painting and relay racing would bring more funds to the program. Another idea would be client donations where the staff will donate to the program, whether it’s volunteering or giving a money donation. A funding institution that works with human service organizations is Administration for Children amp; Families (AFC). Its mission along with Health and Human Services (HHS) is responsible for federal programs that promote the economic and social well being of families, children, individuals, and communities, (AFC, 2011). The expectations for evaluating this funding institution are campaigning to rescue and restore families, family and youth services, administration development, child care bureau and many other programs they set to fulfill through their expectations of the ommunity. These expectations influence the evaluation plan and programs by staying true to their mission and achieving their goals. Implementation: The implementation of the program will be tedious, long and drawn out however it’s all for a good cause. During the process and outcomes stage, the process will evaluate the documented and monitored interventions taken for the staff and describe the importance of the program. The data will acknowledge and understand why the skills need to be improved. It will prove why it acceptable in the targeted community. The implementation that will be put forth and fulfilled will show through the structure of the program. Also the stakeholders are the people who invest in the program to develop the skills therefore they are implementing the program as well. Once the proposal was presented to them their share and interest in the program wasn’t just want they invested in the agency but an actual investment. With having a better understanding of the mission of the agency and what the team, parents and staff are dedicated in achieving the stakeholders know for a fact that the group they are investing in has significant obligations they wish to fulfill. Evaluation: The evaluation of the program will be based on the community of Far West, a suburb of New Hampshire Far West community that holds a population of 30,000 where the elementary school holds 700 with 30% of the students who have relocated from a foreign country. Being that the students are from an Asian decent background they have limited experience in English writing, reading and speaking skills. The evaluation of the program opportunity is to improve the limited English proficiency (LEP) skills for teachers, students, and their families. It will evaluate what it negative in the program that needs fixing, it will allow the individual to see the reality of how building a program can really determine whether the program is qualified or not. Conducting assessments will provide the program with information of services at that are needed or services that are not, therefore funds will be saved in the program. Judging whether or not the staff is qualified will also demonstrate evaluations for further training. The evaluation of the program will cover needs being addresses, staff nderstanding and building a rapport with the students and staff and always and follow the mission and value statements of the agency. The evaluation will make sure projects being funded properly, all and outcomes of the programs strengthens the organization. During the empowerment evaluation process it will acknowledge who exactly needs their skills to be improved. Counselors will overlook classroom settings and become involved with the students, and allow them to give me their reasons on why wanting to improve their LEP skills. Staff and students participate with each other in improving the (LEP) skill. It will offer workshops with professional leaders who will oversee activities in upgrading certificates to licenses; therefore the teachers are developing the programs for the students and promoting a professional outlook of the programs. The importance of this program is to improve the skills of limited English proficiency, in the Far West Elementary School located in a low income housing community. This program was chosen for this location because of the presence of families with foreign backgrounds. The program focuses on improving the skill for parents as well, being they involved in the community as well. Overall the importance of the program summary is to provide thoroughness, communication and build the morale of the program; the current staff, students and parents to work together and achieve its mission to better the skills within the school, and the community of the low cost area of Far West Elementary.

Differences Between Pediatric and Adult Patients

Differences Between Pediatric and Adult Patients Sabrija Cerimovic Introduction The primary focus of this essay will be based upon the unique anatomical and physiological differences between a pediatric patient and an adult one, and how these differences may affect the treatment and/or presentation of a child in a pre-hospital environment. Furthermore, this essay will include and explore how these differences can affect the A-E assessment most importantly the underlying airway and breathing differences. Although one may think that treating a child is the as treating a grown adult, it is not. They differ in weight, shape, anatomical size and major bodily systems such as cardiovascular and respiratory. Similarly another aspect to consider is that children are often psychologically different to adults in many ways. For example, in interpreting pain; all which play a critical part in providing the best care for the patient. One of the biggest priorities and challenges when it comes to treatment as a paramedic is being able to maintain and control the airway of the individual regardless if its pediatrics or not, due to the anatomical challenges that are more prevalent in pediatric patients. Therefore, it is essential to understand and recognize these differences as they will have a direct impact towards the treatment/management of the patient. Respiratory failure is a frequent cause of cardiac arrest in children, regardless if it’s pre-hospital or not, consequently being able to r ecognize early respiratory compromise from airway obstruction is critical to prevent respiratory failure thus reducing the chance of cardiac arrest. The goal of airway management is to predict and recognize potential respiratory compromise and to provide support and stabilization of the airway in a timely manner. (Derek, 2007) Young infants/children have a relatively large occiput (back of skull); which when lying supine on a flat surface results in neck flexion and potential airway obstruction. Even a small degree of obstruction can significantly affect the pediatric patient’s oxygenation and ventilation (Seid, 2012). Along with this, neonates naturally breathe through their nose for the first 6 months, thus their narrow nasal passages are easily blocked by secretions or congestion and can be damaged by treatment methods such as a nasogastric tube (Macfarlane). Furthermore, pediatric patients have a smaller internal diameter when it comes to the upper and lower airways which in return predispose children to have a higher airway resistance. An example of this is described by Ponselle’s law where it is explained that if the radius is decreased by half the resistance is increased by sixteen times, this in its self is an example of how delicate the pediatric airway/breathing system is, where mild airway obstruction or even inflammation can present moderate or severe respiratory distress. (Weathers, 2010) Infants are largely reliant on a functional diaphragm for proper ventilation as opposed to the accessory muscles compared to adults which depend more on accessory muscles than infants. Therefore, a non-functional diaphragm often leads to respiratory failure.Additionally, the probability of respiratory difficulties in infants and younger children can be attributed due to infants having a relatively lower percentage of type 1 muscle fibers or slow-twitch skeletal muscle in their intercostal muscles and diaphragm; these fibers are much more unlikely to fatigue. (Santillanes, 2008) The position of the larynx can play a vital role of visualization of the airway, compared to the larynx of an adult which sits between 6th -7th cervical cerebrate. A young child’s larynx sits higher than an adults around the 2nd–3rd cervical veritable, making intubation much more difficult compared to an adult. (Adewale, 2010) Breathing differences not only vary between adults and young children but can vary greatly between different age groups of children. This is presented by the following example where the breathing rate for an infant of 1-3 years old can be between 30 to 60 breaths per minute compared to an adolescence teenager who has a breathing rate close to adult’s 12-16 breaths per minute (Anatomical and Physiological Differences in Children, 2012). Furthermore children have a much higher metabolic rate compared to adults, by body surface area children have much higher oxygen consumption in relation to their body size which can result in rapid hypoxia if respiratory distress is present. Pediatric patients breathing can account for up to 40% of the cardiac output, particularly in stressed conditions (Kache, 2013). Along with this smaller children are also at risk of developing acute hypoglycemia due to their livers being unable to store glycogen and usually have a reduced supply of glucose, coupled with the fact that the metabolic rate is typically higher in children puts the children in a much higher risk of hypoglycemic. Compared to adults and older children, infants produce approximately twice as much carbon dioxide and consume twice the amount of oxygen relative to body weight.(Davey, 2012) In some situations the simplest factors can be over looked if you are not aware of the differences between adults and pediatrics. For exa mple, pediatrics patients can develop hypothermia much easier compared to their adult counterparts due to pediatric bodies having a surface area to volume ratio four times higher than adults and only one and a half times heat production compared to adults. This difference in ratio can leave children much more predisposed to hypothermia. Pediatric patients may have not fully developed the muscular system to deal with this drop in temperature, such as having the ability to shiver or vasoconstriction which is essential to produce muscular heat in such a situation. Furthermore children have smaller amounts of adipose tissue stored which is essential for insulation which results in the core body temperature dropping further.Interesting anatomical difference in children is that the head is comparably larger than the rest of the body and tend to balance out around the type of adolescence; this in return causes an unbalanced weight distribution between the body and the head, which can cause the head to act as a projectile and due to the larger head its prone to head larger head loss (Pediatric Assesment, 2012). Conclusion When it comes to the presentation of a pediatric patient in comparison to an adult patient, it is essential to be able to differ between the two. Although more can be said about the anatomical and physiological differences and how these affect further treatment, it is quite clear from a paramedic point of view that just from the airway and breathing aspect that pediatric patients are not like miniature adults. References Anatomical and Physiological Differences in Children. (2012). Retrieved 4 1, 2014, from Emergency Medical Paramedic: http://www.emergencymedicalparamedic.com/anatomical-and-physiological-differences-in-children/ Pediatric Assesment. (2012). Retrieved March 30, 2014, from Long Beach Regional Fire Training Center: http://www.lbfdtraining.com/Pages/emt/sectiond/pediatricassessment.html Adewale, D. L. (2010). Anatomical Considerations of the Paedatircs Airway. Retrieved 4 1, 2014, from Europian Society for PAediatric Anaesthesiolgy: http://www.euroespa.org/klant_uploads/berlinlectures/ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE PAEDIATRIC AIRWAY.pdf Davey, A. J. (2012). Wards Anaesthetic Equipment. Elsevier. Derek, S. (2007). Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: Basic Science And Clinical Evidence. Springer. Kache, S. (2013). Pediatric Airway Respiratory Physiology. Retrieved 3 28, 2014, from Standford School of Medicine: http://peds.stanford.edu/Rotations/picu/pdfs/10_Peds_Airway.pdf Krost, W. (2006). Beyond the Basics: Pediatric Assessment. Retrieved March 30, 2014, from EMS World: http://www.emsworld.com/article/10322897/beyond-the-basics-pediatric-assessment?page=2 Macfarlane, F. (n.d.). Paediatric Anatomy and PHysiology and the Basic of Paediatic Anaesthesia. Retrieved 4 1, 2014, from Anaesthesia UK: http://www.anaesthesiauk.com/documents/paedsphysiol.pdf Santillanes, G. (2008). Pediatric Airway Managment. Retrieved 4 1, 2014, from Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics,: http://blog.utp.edu.co/maternoinfantil/files/2010/08/V%C3%ADa-a%C3%A9rea-en-pediatr%C3%ADa.pdf Seid, T. (2012). Pre–hospital care of pediatric patients with trauma. International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science, 1-2. Weathers, E. (2010). The Anatomy of the Pediactic Airway. Retrieved 4 1, 2014, from Respiratory Care Educational Consulting Service, Inc: http://www.rcecs.com/MyCE/PDFDocs/course/V7110.pdf

Barriers and solutions to international trade

Barriers and solutions to international trade INTRODUCION This essay provides an overview of the barriers to international trade faced by economies today with examples of barriers faced in various countries, and their solutions. International trade promotes high standard of living for trading nations and hence, despite its various ill effects, it is best to practice international trade as it provides economic and social benefits to economies bringing about an upturn in global economy. This essay attempts to bring to light, the general barriers international trade faces presently and its solutions with recent examples. INTERNATIONAL TRADE: AN INTRODUCTION Trade among countries has existed for a long period now. The trade between Asia and Europe marks this fact as Morrison (2006, pp.314-315) examines that these two continents have engaged in Trade since a long period. He also suggests that with time, international trade has come a long way as far as volume and patterns of trade between nations is concerned. Morrison (2006) has referred to figures by the World Trade Organisation (2004, cited in International Trade Statistics 2003, World Trade Developments 2002) from the official website of the WTO that Asias share of global merchandise exports has gradually increased, Northern Americas share has slightly decreased and Western Europes share has recovered from a downfall in 2001, but not as much as it did in 1990. Morrison further suggests, from 2000 to 2002, Chinas exports and imports rose by 30 per cent and today, China is one of the worlds largest traders. Therefore, we may note that International trade plays a very essential role in g lobalization trends in the world economy. UNDERSTANDING TRADE PROTECTIONISM Protectionism is The deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers, or to protect and preserve those industries and producers considered of critical national interest. (McCracken, 2005) Coughlin et al (1988) state that Protectionist Trade Policies are meant to improve the position of domestic products as compared to its foreign equivalents, and that this may be done through various policies by increment of the market price of the foreign product or by barring access of foreign products to the domestic market. They explain that protectionist trade policies aim to expand domestic production in the protected industries for the benefit of the owners, suppliers and workers of the protected industry. However this may lead to a downturn in the consumption of protected goods due to either associated rise in its price or consumers start using less of other goods as a result of the decline in outputs and increase in prices. Coughlin et al hence, argue that domestic consumers are said to be impaired as the price of the protected goods keep increasing. Hence, imposing of tariffs lead to domestic producers and the governments gain, while domestic consumers and other domestic producers loss. These trade policies also affect foreign interests. FREE TRADE ITS THEORIES Free Trade is trade between nations that is unhampered by Government constraints such as tariffs, restrictions, and other barriers. (Financial Times Limited, 2009) Theory of Absolute Advantage Barnat (2005) highlighted certain points from Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations 1776 that explain what this theory talks about. He mentioned that the countrys practicing or willing to practice free trade should work towards maximising the efficiency of the goods and products they deal in, and that this theory is based on the assumption that the nation producing a certain good is absolutely better at production of that good or commodity than the rest of its trading partners, hence calling this the absolute advantage of the nation over the other nations. The theory of Absolute Advantage suggests specialization through free trade as it benefits the consumers if they can afford foreign-made products at a comparatively cheaper price than domestic products. (Warhurst, 2009) Theory of Comparative Advantage Barnat (2005, cited in Ricardo, 1817) had postulated that in Ricardos theory of comparative advantage even if a certain nation is able to produce all its goods at a comparatively lower cost than another country then it benefits the trade of both the countries, based on the comparative costs. Coughlin et al (1998, cited in Ricardos Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817) demonstrated that two countries viz. England and Portugal were shown to produce the same two goods wine and cloth and the only production costs were labour costs. It was shown that England was comparatively less efficient to produce both goods as it was comparatively costlier to produce those goods in England. Therefore, it was said in this demonstration that Portugal had an absolute advantage in these two goods. According to this example, labour was the only resource considered to produce these goods when labour is among the many resources used to produce these goods. Also, the production costs of the additional units have been taken to be constant in this demonstration, but unit production as mentioned by Coughlin et al here, is subject to decrease or increase depending on the production. Elwell (2005) suggests that the gains from trade are mutual despite either nations absolute advantage or disadvantage in the efficiency with which they produce all tradable goods. The difference in rate of production of one good must be limited for the expansion of another good among countries such that there is a comparative advantage among the two nations such that both benefit efficiently from trade. A nation is not to compete but look at the mutual benefits from trade. Therefore, each country must produce what they do best relatively. Comparative advantage is evident in activities that make use of profuse productive resource. Elwell explains this statement with the help of an example of the U.S. and China. He states that China, with a relative abundance of low skilled labor would find it beneficial to engage in production that requires low skilled labor, in trade. On the other hand, the U.S. specializes in production of goods that require high skilled labor. Also, the production of goods can be practiced such that a part of the good is produced in one country while another country can deal in producing another part required for the production of the good hence practicing the theory of comparative advantage. For example American hardware companies send their products to China since it is much more cost effective due to low waged labor in China. This acts as a comparative advantage for both countries. Due to political motives, various governments still try to obstruct the system of free trade in spite of its acceptance globally, in Hendersons view. BARRIERS TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE Tariff Barriers Tariffs according to Coughlin et al (2009) are taxes imposed on goods entering a country from another country. They suggest that tariff revenues are paid to the government of the country that allows the goods to enter its nation and this revenue is used to finance government services. Therefore, as Sumner et al (2002?) state, Tariffs are among the oldest form of government intervention and are implemented for the purpose of providing revenue to the government and they also provide economic returns to firms and suppliers of resources of the domestic industry that face competition from imported products. Sumner et al further suggest that in 1948, when average tariff on manufactured goods increased by 30 percent in many developed countries, these economies negotiated for the reduction of tariff on manufactured goods under the General Agreement on Tariff Trade (GATT), however, only in the most recent negotiations on this issue in Uruguay, the trade and tariff restrictions were addressed. Tariffs are capable of hampering nation-to-nation trade, or as Sumner et al add, if tariffs set are very high then it can block international trade and hence, act like import bans. Quota System Henderson (2009), states, in the quota system, there is a lot more bureaucracy involved and in this case, the government is not the source from where the revenue is generated. Under the quota system as suggested by Coughlin et al (2009), the prices increase in the home market and this enables domestic producers to increase production and consumers to reduce consumption. Coughlin et al further state that the quota generates a revenue gain to the owner of import licenses. Non-Tariff Barriers (NTB) The Non-tariff barriers can be classified further as the regulatory barriers, subsidies and exchange controls. Subsidizing domestic producers is one way to restrict terms under which foreigners can compete in the home market as suggested by Coughlin et al (2009). They also state that restricting access to foreign money to buy foreign goods is known as Exchange Control. Example Karugia et al (2009) state that the main type of non tariff barriers faced in East Africa during Maize and Beef trade were customs documentation and administrative procedures, quality inspection, transiting procedures and immigration, which are all cumbersome and expensive. He states that these barriers reduce the possible benefits of trade preferences, lead to huge welfare loss as cost of business activities increase. As a result of this, trade among the East African nations, in beef and maize was found to be very low as Karugia et al suggest. Tariff-Rate Quota Sumner et al (2002) have also discussed what is called a Tariff-Rate Quota (TRQ). It is said to be the combination of the ideas of tariff and quota. The implementation of a TRQ is a very good idea for the benefit of both countries that importing and the one exporting, and the concerned governments. Policies like the Tariff-Rate Quota help implement trade practice between countries in a healthy manner as it not only implements low tariff prices but also keeps a check on the quantity of products being imported. According to TRQ, a low tariff is set against imports of a fixed quantity and if the quantity of the imports increases, a higher tariff is set against the goods. Sumner et al have given the example of United States that follows this policy for various products like beef, sugar, peanuts and other dairy products. In these cases, the initial tariff is said to be low but the over-quota tariff is very highly priced and in some cases, even unaffordable. GLOBAL TRADE IN PRESENT ECONOMIC CLIMATE Post the economic crisis, the general belief of countries is to be very careful as far as dealing with international trade is concerned and to protect their economies, nations are practicing protectionism, however, free trade is in the interest of most countries, but it is not in the economic interest of the nations to practice free trade in times of crisis. There are some basic solutions for the removal of trade barriers put forward by Crean (2009, ed. Baldwin and Evenett, 2009) one of which is G20 leadership such that countries lift each other up rather than pull each other down through protectionism. He adds that the G20 can play an important role in encouraging open trade flows between countries. Here is a notable example as proposed by Crean To help open markets in Washington, Australia helped build support to execute considerable measures last year with the agreement of G20 leaders by putting forward an Action Plan for the purpose of restoring growth, addressing the progress of the WTO Doha negotiations and to put a halt to protectionism. He proposes, it is important to avoid inefficient incentives while crafting the fiscal and industry support packages and also, huge subsidies will give rise to competitive response. Crean further suggests, it is of utmost importance especially in these times post economic crisis to preserve open trade flow among nations. He adds growth and prosperity are transmitted within countries through trade. He mentioned, according to Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) analysis, a 10 percent increase in trade is associated with a 4% rise in per capita income, however, the crisis has now brought about a slowdown in trade. World Bank has predicted that 2009 will be the first year in over a quarter century in which international trade is forecast to fall, Crean sites. He has spoken of the export statistics of China and Japan and certain other countries and noted how drastically the crisis has affected the trade of these countries. He argues that protectionism gradually only lessens competitiveness, growth, employment and real incomes. I am now going to focus on the barriers to international trade in businesses in the U.S. and EU and talk about the measures they have decided on taking to attain a healthier global trading system bearing in mind the current economic climate. Also, I will further add what steps Canada and EU have decided on taking to address the trade barriers. Trade Barriers and Solutions: US EU The U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) 2009, states, the National Trade Estimate Report 2009 describes significant barriers to trade in the US. The barriers, as cited in the report, according to USTR, obstruct access to markets for the products of American workers, irrespective of the workers employment status self or employed by company. The various tariff and non tariff barriers by foreign governments that need to be addressed are highlighted in the report difficulty in testing and requirements of certification on thousands of consumer goods, inspection and registration of a wide range of import products by new means, ineffective enforcement against counterfeiting and copyright piracy; subsidies being exported illegally was another issue of concern, onerous import requirements or bans not based in science and also said to not be competitive internationally; approval processes for biotech products were said to be cumbersome and ineffective; imported products are made to pay rates 10 to 43 times higher than before as according to discriminatory excise taxes; foreign participation in the telecom market is very limited, and many other such issues were raised. The USTR states that exports contribute about 13 per cent to the US Economy; therefore, measures by the USTR and the Government for the sake of the economy of the country, is necessary. The report, as USTR suggests, states what measures could be taken by the United States Trade Representative to embark upon these barriers. After reading this article, I have tried to pull together the matter in brief. The article suggests that the USTR is reviewing the functioning of the existing trade agreements, including enforcement of labour and environment provisions. The USTR is going to prioritize the trade barriers put forward by the report, in order of importance and hence, deal with each barrier according to relevance tackling the most vital barrier at first. They are planning on handling these cases by multilateral and bilateral dispute resolution. The USTR is also working with the Congress to improve the trading system in the country. The US Trade Representative Ron Kirk (2009) proposed the opening of new markets around the world. The USTR suggests that manufacturers and service providers and the American workers should make use of the benefits of previous trade agreement s through strong enforcement. Kirk, in 2009, as cited in the USTR (2009) suggests that the proposals made will also help in the economic recovery procedure and incremental gains in market access and in reduction of trade barriers and thus, will help Americans attain good salary jobs. Castle (2009) states that European exporters have faced many new trade barriers since the global economic crisis however, measures to prevent protectionism have been taken by the EU. He adds that global trade volumes in August 2009 were 18 per cent below its peak in 2008 due to the economic crisis. Castle (2009, cited in Ashton, 2009) states that classical tariff increases, import and export bans or ceilings, non-tariff barriers and government procurement and investment measures are the major trade barriers faced in the EU with classical barriers alone affecting about 5 per cent of the EU exports. Another trade restricting measure according to the Foreign Manufacturers Legal Accountability Act of 2009 in the US that states that it aims to protect US customers and businesses from defective products manufactured abroad, is, another barrier between EU and US trade as Castle (cited in Ashton, 2009) has mentioned. Castle further cites, one of the bills state that it is unsafe to grant unfair tax disadvantages to subsidiaries of the EU companies in the US in the insurance sector. The EU and U.S. are each others most important trading and investment partners and hence it is important for these two sides to work towards the reduction of these barriers. As cited by Palmer (2009), the two sides have agreed on meeting for identification of labeling, energy efficiency and nanotechnology for increased cooperation on regulation; and that these two sides have plans for a new US-EU Energy Council and also to set up a dialogue dealing in creating jobs in various sectors such as IT and energy. Addressing Trade Barriers: Canada EU Another notable example of nations that have pledged to remove trade barriers is that of Canada and The EU. Czech Trade (2009) suggests, these two nations have signed a summit to remove trade barriers and that the Canadian Government is trying their best to remove trade barriers for Canadian exporters and open Canadas market to foreign companies such as the EU. Canada is one of EUs main trading partners and the fact that Canada has maintained a healthy economy despite the global economic crisis, has helped EU promote its business and trade relations with Canada. It has been said to be believed that both countries will benefit largely in terms of economy post this summit in the next couple of years. Cohen (2009) suggests that there is a Canada-EU Free Trade deal expected by 2011 as intended by Former Quebec premier Pierre Marc Johnson. CONCLUSION Trade should satisfy the theory of comparative advantage benefitting both nations engaged in trading activities. It has a positive effect on economies, both economically and socially, but it also has its ill effects for example, as Elwell (2005) suggests, while it helps benefit the economic condition of relatively efficient activities, it hampers the relatively less competent activities. However, impressing barriers prevent nations from economic gain. Elwell further suggests that tariffs, quotas and non tariff barriers result in a loss of the exporting sector and gain of the importing sector. But, it is also important to note that this may lead to an increase in prices and reduced goods available to the consumer, thereby, leading to the downfall of the economy. It is true that it is important for the domestic industry to protect, improve and sell their products but it is also important to note the profits foreign goods bring to both economies and thus, it is important for the benefit of every economy to work towards addressing the barriers they face today. Trade, either in the form of import or export contributes largely to the economy of the country. Just like the U.S. Government and the U.S. Trade Representatives are working hand in hand to fight the barriers hence working towards the security of the countrys economy, other economies should also address their respective barriers. The G 20 must also help trade flow in developing countries. Developed countries should aim to remove all trade barriers and try giving up on protectionist measures like The EU and The U.S. have pledged to do for the economic benefits of either country. Also, ideas like the free trade deal between Canada and the EU should be encouraged and worked upon by other nations as well, hence, encouraging trade among nations which in turn, shall benefit the global economy. Reference: Books Morrison, J. (2006) International Business Environment: Global and Local market places in the changing world, Second Edition, Palgrave. E-books Crean, S. (2009) The collapse of global trade, murky protectionism and the crisis [pdf] London, Center for Economic Policy Research Available at http://www.voxeu.org/reports/Murky_Protectionism.pdf [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Elwell, C. K., 2005 Trade, trade barriers and trade deficits: Implications for U.S. economic welfare [e-book] Available at www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl32059.pdf [Last Accessed 06 December 2009] E-Journals and Online Articles Barnat R. (1998-2007) Theory of Absolute Advantage [Online] Available at http://applications-of-strategic-management.24xls.com/en110 [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Castle, S. (2009) EU finds Trade Barriers Rising since Global Crisis, New York Times [Online] 06 Nov., Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/06/business/global/06trade.html?_r=1 [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Cohen, T. (2009) Canada-EU free trade deal expected by 2011, CB Online, Source The Canadian Press [Online] 17 Nov., Available at: http://www.canadianbusiness.com/markets/headline_news/article.jsp?content=b172534122page=1 Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Coughlin C., Chrystal K., Wood G (1988) Protectionist Trade Policies: A Survey of Theory, Evidence and Rationale [pdf] Available at http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/88/01/Protectionist_Jan_Feb1988.pdf [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Czech Trade (2009) Canada and EU pledge to remove barriers [Online] 20 May, Available at http://www.canadianbusiness.com/markets/headline_news/article.jsp?content=b172534122page=1 Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Henderson, R. (2009) Trade Barriers A Guide to International Trade Barriers [Online] Available at http://ezinearticles.com/?Trade-BarriersA-Guide-to-International-Trade-Barriersid=3247030 [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Karugia et al (2009) The Impact of Non Tariff Barriers on Maize and Beef Trade in Africa [Online] Available at www.resakss.org/index.php?pdf=42386 [Last Accessed 06 December 2009] Palmer D., (2009) U.S., EU pledge work on regulatory trade barriers Thomas Reuters 2009 [Online] 27 Oct., Available at http://www.reuters.com/article/ousivMolt/idUSTRE59Q53K20091027?pageNumber=1virtualBrandChannel=11617 [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Sumner et al (2002?) Tariff and Non Tariff Barriers to Trade [pdf] Available at http://www.farmfoundation.org/news/articlefiles/816-sumner.pdf [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Websites Financial Times Limited (2009) Free Trade, Financial Times Lexiton [Online] Available at: http://lexicon.ft.com/term.asp?t=free-trade [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] McCracken, M. (2009) Explain Protectionism [Online] Available at: http://www.teachmefinance.com/Financial_Terms/protectionism.html [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] USTR Official Website (2009) USTR Identifies International Trade Barriers, Outlines Efforts to Open Markets for U.S. [Online] Available at http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2009/march/ustr-announces-delay-trade-action-beef-hormones-dis-0 [Last Accessed 01 December 2009]

Egyptian Pyramids Essay -- Egypt Pyramid

In the deserts of Egypt lie the colossal remains of an ancient civilization. These enormous works of human endeavor are the only member of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World that time has passed down to us. These are, of course, the great pyramids of ancient Egypt. But these imposing structures were not built to impress civilization millennia down the road. The pyramids in fact had a purpose to the ancient Egyptians. While they seem very simple in nature, as they are simply four-sided pyramids with square bases, they had a meaning for those that had them built. Even by today’s standards, the pyramids of ancient Egypt were an impressive feat of engineering, due to their enormous size, both in building materials and finished product. Indeed, there is more to these mysterious pyramids of the ancient Egyptians than meets the eye. Before a decent discussion of the pyramids is begun, a bit of background history must be set forth. The ancient Egyptian empire lasted for over 3,000 years, beginning at around 3,100 BCE and ending just shy of 300 years before the dawn of the Common Era. Historians break up the empire chronologically into nine separate eras. The second of these eras, known as the Old Kingdom, is when all of the pyramid construction took place, and dates from 2,686-2,181 BCE (Edwards 1). During this era, Egypt’s kings and queens were buried inside these pyramids. Presently, there are about ninety such pyramids—or remains of pyramids—which stretch along the desert just to the west of the Nile River (Edwards 2). The previous style of burial of Egyptian pharaohs was the mastaba, a flat-roofed structure made of brick. However, at the beginning of the Old Kingdom, stone was introduced as a building material. Building with... ...never be known, but some, such as Senefuru and Khufu have, in a sense, reached immortality. Imhotep, the architect of many of these great monuments, has too become immortalized in history as being one of the first known architects as a result of his work on the pyramids. These pyramids have solidified these ancient rulers as well as others in the pages of history. These pyramids have stood the test of time, and most likely, thousands of years from now, when all our modern skyscrapers have either toppled or been dismantled, the pyramids of the ancient Egyptians will still stand tranquilly in the desert and invoke the same mystery and inspiration to the future generations who gaze at them. Works Cited Edwards, I.E.S. The Pyramids of Egypt. Middlesex, England: Viking Books, 1985. Fakhry, Ahmed. The Pyramids. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961.

how to do things right :: essays research papers

I plan to compare Lars Eighner’s essay â€Å"On Dumpster Diving† and Daniel Orozco’s short story â€Å"Orientation†. Eighners writes his essay after being homeless and experiencing poverty due to a loss job. He gives instructions on how to be an ingenious Dumpster scavenger, during the everyday life as a homeless person. On the other hand, Orozco writes a short story about going through a very detailed orientation on the first day at a new office setting job. Although both of the stories are completely different, one about a homeless man and his dog and his means of surviving , and the other describing a cooperate job, both works compare by: providing specific instruction on how to carry out their responsibilities proficiently, they are both the go-to people in the writing , and they both exhibit the same type of attitude toward work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One way Eighner’s essay and Orozco’s short story compare is the use of precise instructions that pertain to successfully complete a specific task. Eighner gives great detail for the way one would scavenge through a Dumpster in a proficient manner. As one could imagine, there are obviously things that should not be used or eaten that could be found in a garbage can. He shows incredible knowledge about what types of food appear and what type of condition they are in, whose Dumpsters to ransack through, what is safe to eat and what type of things one could keep from scavenging during a regular day. He also displays knowledge on how to react when people are around and the type of behavior a homeless person should display in public. In comparison to Eighner, Orozco gives direct instructions to the implied reader as to what one should do during their days work within an â€Å"office environment†. He presents the information in such a meticulous way, he doesn’t leave one room to have any questions. Not only does he tell them what to do, he tells them how to manage their time wisely, and how to keep oneself out of trouble. He gives a considerable amount of information about the lives of those who work in the cubicles and who one should become comfortable with and who to stay away from. Seeing as though they are both giving instructions on how to skillfully complete a task, they are both seen as highly respected by others around them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another way the two works compare is they are both experts at what they are doing.

G.K. Chestertons The Donkey :: Chesterton Donkey Essays

G.K. Chesterton's The Donkey As discussed in earlier papers, poets use devices to help enhance their images to the reader. One device not yet discussed is a symbol. John Drury, a poet, explains a symbol as, "an image that radiates meanings" (Gioia 276). Whatever the image is that each poet chooses to use creates a different and separate from another poet's use of that same image. Also, it is possible for a reader to see a symbol in a word or object that the author had never intended. In G.K. Chesterton's, "The Donkey," the donkey is a symbol for the some of today's society view people of mixed races and how people with multiple backgrounds will have their finest "hour" (Line 13). In "The Donkey," Chesterton describes how the donkey is looked upon by people and when the donkey had been chosen by the greatest Creator of all. The first stanza begins with the donkey's birth, "When fishes flew and forests walked/†¦.Some moment when the moon was blood/ Then surely I was born" (Lines 1-4). These lines are representative of the fact that the world must have been turned upside down in order for the donkey to be born. In the fourth line the reader knows the donkey is negative about himself because "I" is the animal describing himself. The donkey goes on to say that he is, "The devil's walking parody" (Line 7). Seeing himself as a creature of the devil instead of a wonderful animal created by God, is showing how distorted his self image is. He feels he is, "The tattered outlaw of the earth" (Line 9), which furthermore expresses the hatred he feels from the world. Tattered means, a torn piece and the word outlaw means, exile; criminal, make or declare illegal. All t he word choices combine emphasizes how Chesterton wanted the reader to fully understand that the donkey was an unpleasant creature. Though in the last stanza, the donkey has his laugh, "Fools! For I also had my hour" (Line 13). Although, the donkey is a mixed breed, he was loved and chosen by the one person who has the greatest power- Jesus. Flipping through daytime television, there are several shows which focus on interracial marriages and mixed children. Every culture has their own separate opinion about what they believe to be morally right. As with the donkey, some feel that biracial people are less than a person than those with only one ethnic background.

Impact of New Technology on Lifestyle and Health Essay

As a start I would like to give a short and simple definition of the concept â€Å"technology†. Technology will, in this case and this paper, refer to any physical object, product, environment, or symbol that has been created by human beings. Another frequently used concept with the same meaning is â€Å"artifact† (Simon, 1969). Technology has had a great impact upon the living conditions of people all over the world. Technology has helped us to perform many tasks safer, faster, and with higher precision than would be possible without its help. Technology has also made us stronger, helped us to travel faster, and made it possible for us to perform tasks that otherwise would be impossible to perform. With the help of technology we can perform many tasks that are dangerous for people to perform, like working in a hostile physical environment, for instance in a contaminated or radioactive environment. Technology has helped us to perform boring manual tasks day and night, every day in the week, even without a coffee brake. Technology has made it possible for us to travel all over the world and reach new destinations, quicker than ever. Soon we might even travel to other planets in our Solar system. The invention of machines, computers and other technological artefacts has improved our mental abilities too. Technology can make us smart (Norman, 1993) by increasing our abilities to remember better, by storing information in different formats, and support our reasoning activities. Thanks to computers we can perform complex calculations quickly, simulate processes of different kind, create art and music, and so on. Technology has also helped us to pick up information that earlier was impossible to pick up. Microscopes and telescopes, only to mention a few technological devices, have made it possible for us to look into worlds that we otherwise would not have any access to. New intelligent hearing aids have helped people with hearing deficits to pick up auditory information better and improved the possibilities to communicate with other people. Technology can improve our abilities to control vehicles of different kind, for instance to improve the ability to steer, brake and shift gears in the car. New technology has been used to create systems that can help drivers to find new destinations, or find the quickest route to known destinations. New technology has also been developed for helping drivers to avoid collisions and other dangerous situations. Technology has made it possible to adapt cars to drivers with functional handicap so that they can drive (nearly?) as safely as drivers without these problems. Technology can help mariners to navigate ships across the Atlantic with high precision, to assist pilots in their task of flying to selected destinations, avoid collisions in the air, control the aircraft, and so on. Process industries, manufacturing industries, energy producing industries can today be controlled with the help of new advanced technology. Technology has had an impact on the way we live, work, enjoy ourselves, and communicate with each other. Thanks to improved transportation systems we can now live at a distance from our working place, and commute to our job. Some of us can work from home thanks to the computer and the ability to send digital messages to different destinations. Thanks to the World Wide Web we can communicate with people at very distant places and arrange virtual meetings. We also have new ways of entertaining ourselves. Technology in the Health sector has made important contributions to the treatment of diseases and with the help of advanced technology it is now possible to save lives in a way that was not possible only a few decades ago. In her key note, professor Axelsson has shown how technology can be used in health care. Soon it may be possible to replace missing limbs with artifacts that can perform the tasks the missing limb should have performed. Changes in lifestyle? I believe we can identify some important changes in our lifestyles that are, at least partly, caused by the technological development. With the focus on human work I believe we can identify the following, and many more changes. A shift from physical to mental workload One important trend in our working life is a shift from physically demanding tasks to mentally demanding tasks. Human work has for a long time been more or less dominated by tasks that were physically demanding. Some of these tasks are still with us, but in many cases new technology can help us to perform them with less physical effort. A farmer, say 150 years ago, performed many manual tasks. Today there exist machines that can help the farmer to perform many of the tasks. A miner used to perform many heavy manual tasks when my father was working as a miner. Today trucks are doing the job, quicker and faster. Instead of performing the physically demanding tasks an operator of a machine has to control the machine and supervise its performance, indicating a shift to a mentally demanding task. A task is mentally demanding if it imposes a workload on our abilities to search for and pick up relevant information, store information, use information to make decisions, solve problems, develop action plans and supervise the performance of action plans. Many working tasks today have the character of being more mentally demanding than physically demanding. A shift towards supervising processes The condition for workers has, in many cases, changed from being in direct contact with the working task to using some kind of technological device to perform the task. This has quite often resulted in a new role for the worker. The new role is more of a supervisor of a process. Examples may be found among pilots who are interacting with a computer, the flight management system, which is performing part of the flying task. Another example can be found among workers in highly automated industrial processes, where an automated system is controlling a large part of the process. Increased complexity The introduction of computers has increased the complexity of many tasks. The amount of information we are forced to process in working life has increased. As a result is it has become harder to understand the way different systems are working. The logic of many systems is hidden in the computer and not possible to inspect directly. Negative impact of technology There are some psychological consequences of the changes that has occurred as a result of new technology. In some cases technology can make us stupid, confused and disoriented. Please let me illustrate this statement by giving a few examples on how technology can confuse us and make us look stupid. Technology that may make us stupid Doors are equipped with some kind of device to open and close them. In some cases it is perfectly obvious how the device works by looking at it. In other cases it might be confusing. There exist doors where the device to open and close the doors are identical in shape, but works completely different. A good design should make it obvious how a door should be opened and the principle of consistency should be used. In some cases it may be extremely important to be able to open doors quickly and without involving higher mental processes. Another example of a violation of the principle of consistency is when you have a door with two locks, and to open the door you must turn the key in different directions in each lock. Still another example can be taken from the medical sector. A number of studies have shown that errors are made in this sector, and that errors tend to occur when patients are given their medicine. One possible explanation to this is that different medicines may be stored in bottles that look very much like each other. An interesting question is how the container for different medicines should be physically designed so that it is easy to distinguish different drugs. An example from the automobile industry has to do with the relationship between controls and, in this case, windows. A good principle, stemming from Gestalt psychology, is that you should place a control of a certain device close to that device. This is called the â€Å"proximity principle†. In some cases this is not done, and controls for the windows in a car might be located far away from the windows. The design of the physical environment is also of interest. When a new living area is created and houses and paths are designed, it is common to find that people living there are not walking on the paths that have been so nicely designed. Instead they quite often are using the shortest route across some sensitive area(s). A simple solution here would be to wait and see where people are walking, and after that decide the paths should be located. In some hotel rooms you must use most of your brain power to figure out how the shower works. The problem in many cases is that the function is hidden, and it is not possible to directly see how the shower must be operated. Technology can be used to supervise people – Big Brother can see you In some cases technology is used to supervise worker’s performance at workplaces. This may increase the stress level of the involved workers, and in some cases increase their stress level, and make them sick. On example comes from call centres. The number of call centres has increased rapidly in Sweden. A common definition of a call centre is a working place where people are engaged in telephone communication with customers and are doing that with the help of computer support. In a call centre the operator’s performance can be effectively supervised with the help of computers. It is possible to measure the number of telephone calls each employee is performing during the working day, and also measure the number of breaks that occur during a working day. A psychological effect of this registration is, sometimes, an increased stress level among the workers. Big Brother can see you! Technology can be used to supervise traffic streams, control traffic streams, and identify speeding drivers. Cameras on the road side are being more and more common in Sweden. Some drivers don’t like being supervised by â€Å"Big Brother† and one solution seems to be the destruction of cameras. Technology can also be used to prevent drunken drivers from using their car. Before the car can be started the driver must exhale (breathe) into a measuring device. If the device detects alcohol in the air then the car will not be possible to start. Some drivers which have been found guilty of driving when intoxicated by alcohol have, as a part of their treatment, accepted to install this kind of device in their car. A follow up study has shown that many of these convicted drivers have stopped using this device. Technology can give an invitation to â€Å"Human Error† Besides making us feel stupid, improper design of technology can cause incidents, accidents, and in the worst case kill people. Please let me illustrate this by using some well known accidents as examples. Three Mile Island, USA. This accident happened in the USA 1971. A problem occurred in the Nuclear Power Plant and the situation gradually developed into something problematic. One, out of many, aspects of this accident is that the alarm systems in the Power Plant were activated, and very soon a large number of alarms and warnings were sounding. This probably increased the stress level of the operators who were trying to understand the problem and what to do with it. A high level of stress is not an optimal condition for solving a complex problem. One problem here was that instead of helping the operators to solve the problem the alarm systems made the situation worse. The crash in Gottrà ¶ra, Sweden. A certain similarity can be found in an accident with a passenger plane in Sweden, 1991. A plane (MD 81) started from Arlanda airport (Stockholm) and soon after the start it lost the power of one engine and shortly thereafter the power of the other engine. The captain’s plan was to fly the plane without the help of the engines (basic flying) and perform an emergency landing on an empty field at a distance from the airport. During the four minutes, from the moment the engines had stopped until the aircraft landed safely (!), the plane was shaking and the instrument panel were blinking. Auditory warnings were activated and a female warning voice was talking continuously. The information from the plane to the captain was chaotic and did not offer any useful help to him. In one interview after the accident the captain stated that on the wish list was a warning system that can offer help in situations of this kind. Not a system that distracts and increases the pilots stress level. In Linkà ¶ping, Sweden, a number of patients were treated with the help of a machine that should purify their blood. A nurse misjudged the information from the machine and by mistake turned the machine off. A number of patients died as a result. The machine was built by some technicians and when it was working correctly a number of indicators (lamps) showed the colour red. Normally red is a colour that is used for warnings of different kind. There are also a number of accidents that have occurred as a result of automation. Automation of some tasks may solve some problems, but can also create new possibilities for errors (Bainbridge, 1987). It has been found that people may have an over trust in automation and believe that an automated system takes care of more that it actually can take care of. Automation can also have the effect that an operator becomes less involved in the control of a system and has a problem to take the control back when so needed. What can we do to avoid the negative sides of technology? In the cases where technology is used to supervise people and this is not totally accepted by people this may be regarded as a political question and should be treated as such. This case will not be discussed further in this paper. In cases where the design of technology has caused problems it is possible to provide some guidelines. Improper design of technology is common when technology is designed without consideration of the user’s needs, abilities and limitations. The following advices can be given: Start the development process of new technology by investigating the needs of the intended users! Perform a task analysis (see for instance Kirwan and Ainsworth, 1993) and try to understand what the users need are in order to perform the task efficiently and safely. Involve the intended users early in the design process! Remember that they have a lot of valuable knowledge concerning the task and how it may be performed. Respect individual differences! There are sometimes large individual variations among users of a technological device and the design should be flexible enough to take care of this variation. Make it possible for users to understand the technical device. If users can understand the way a technical device works (if I push this button, then that will happen) the risk for so called â€Å"human error† will most likely decrease. Use the scientific method – test and test again, until you have eliminated the worst problems. The empirical testing of a technical device should have a high priority. Design for human error! People will, in the long run, get tired, distracted or anything else and make an error. This is sometimes called Murphy’s law – if anything can go wrong then it will, sooner or later. Human beings are not like machines and we have to design with that in mind. A technical device should be designed to make it possible to escape the error that sooner or later will be made. Provide feedback (this happened) and feedforward (that will happen). Feedback and feedforward from a technical device should be clear and easy to understand. This will give the user a possibility to understand the system. If possible introduce an undo function! As mentioned earlier people will make errors and this is an error correcting possibility. Use a system perspective! Any kind of technological equipment will be used in a certain context. Analyse the context and see whether the new artefact can successfully be mixed into the context. These are general rules to follow, and by following them I strongly believe that we can influence the design of technology in such a way that our lifestyles and health will be improved. References Bainbridge, L. (1987). Ironies of Automation. In J. Rasmussen, K. Duncan and J. Leplat (Eds.) New Technology and Human Error, John Wiley & Sons Ltd Kirwan, B., and Ainsworth, L.K. (Eds.) (1993). A guide to task analysis. Taylor & Francis Norman, D.A. (1993). Things that make us smart. PERSEUS BOOKS, USA Reason, J. (1990). Human error. Cambridge university press, USA Simon, H. (1969). The Science of the Artificial. The M.I.T. PRESS

PrepWorksheet Moms Terry Schiller Essay

1.) Position: Tyler wants to sell the series Mom.com Interest: Due to overall sales for Hollyville being below projections and Terry’s personal performance evalution being based year-end booked sales it is critical for him to make a sale. 2.) Position: No more than 8 runs, no financing deal beyond 3 years and upfront payment of around 50%. 3.) Interest: Do not breach any company implemented restrictions and try to be very close to company practice in regards to terms. 4.) Position: Interest: 5.) Position: He wants to have a good relationship with WCHI Interest: Tyler wants to keep a good relationship, as there most certainly will be other points of contacts for sales in the future with WCHI. 1.) Position: Be the independent television station that shows Moms.com Interest: It is interested in improving its audience demographics, and the target audience of the series Moms.com is the most attractive one for advertisers. Getting this audience might be possible to keep a least part of this group longer-term. Especially as WILL for example focusses on men. 2.) Position: Regain audience leadershipe Interest: 3.) Position: Have strong new programs and avoiding competitor getting such programs Interest: 4.) Position: Do not overpay Moms Interest: According to the information given WCHI is in a financially stable  position again, so while price is always important it might be not as critical as the other points. In addition as WCHI needs strong programs and Hollyville is one of the Top 7 providers it is interested in keeping a good relationship. BATNA Including Junior: RESERVATION PRICE Including Junior: Assuming that my estimation of the demographic rating 5-6 is probably a bit too optimistic or at the least the buyer will be for safety reasons be a bit more conservative, I expect that he predicts the range to be in the 4-5 range. Based on this and the given numbers his revenue should be around 9 Mio.. Subtracting the costs of Moms.com TARGET/ ASPIRATION As by the attached calculation, my target would be to reach: Licence price of 60.000 Have the amounts of run limited to 5 Financing of 50% upfront, 25% year 1 and 25% year 2. My aim is to keep junior, however if necessary by my contingency plan I will create a bundled deal of Moms and Junior if necessary and the total outcome (based on Junior bringing in an additional 1.000.000) would be similar to my target without Junior. Target of paying not more than Try to create a package including another TV series and programme and get a rebate for the bundle of two programmes. WHAT IS YOUR OPENING MOVE? INITIAL STRATEGYAND CONTINGENCY PLANS: Opening move: My opening move will be to start with a very positive note and by trying to formulate my first offer sort as a favoru. We would be very delightful in working together as partners with WCHI, building a long-term relationship. With great pleasure I could offer him the very successful series Moms.com a year earlier than anticipated. Overall on paper at least the situation looks like both parties have in certain areas slightly different needs and by finding trade-offs could increase the value for both. Initial strategy: The initial strategy would be to continue to built trust, to gather information, to give in exchange information and to ask questions. It will be critical to find out which of the points to discuss are very critical for him, especially points I have strict company limits. As the amount of runs is an important point of Hollyville it will be important to find out how critical it is for WCHI and what he had in mind. My focus will be to understand if for WCHI a repetition of the series above 6 is critical and regards any value for him. Of course using series more often reduces costs, however at some stage there will be a trade-off as at least part of the audience will get bored of the repetition and will switch to other stations. I have prepared for the first three rounds for each round three bundles which differentiate (higher price but better financing conditions and more runs) in different points slightly which however in total cost roughly the same to find out his preferences. With that information I can propose new deals during the negotiation reducing the total price from being very high at the start round by round a bit. As by the situation of Hollyville needs to have future sale which lots of competition ( and WCHI being interested in The lucrative business is to to sell to independeant but only 4 there, Make multiple offers simultaneously Effective negotiators look for opportunities to create value by making trades across multiple issues Contingency Plan: Try to sell the bundle of Juniors and Moms.com to WCHI for at least Try to decide on a bonus/ discount if the rating of the audience is higher or lower than expected after each year Without putting under pressure making him understand that there are of course other potential buyers I would then make a few proposals with are all a bit higher. I will explain my pricing by telling him that the following points would justify this higher price: Moms achieved a 20 rating and 30 share in prime time, the series targets the demographic group with the highest advertising rates, making it idea for the for independent stations so important 6:00pm slot. In addition, as he would know, first-run network television programs typically  incur a 20% loss. need to exchange information about their preferences and priorities. One of the critical discussion points I expect to be, is the different assessment of the rating within the primary demographic category as this is what defines the revenue and therefor the value for the buyer which ultimately influences his maximal acceptable pricing. As the difference on the revenue of being in the group 5-6 or only one below is pretty substantial, my idea would be in case we stuck there to finalize a deal and its pricing where we agree on assuimg the series will be in on or the other rating group. We will then fix in our deal that after the first year we will check in which rating group the series ended up. Depending on the decided rating group and outcome the buyer would receive a discount in case the real rating group was below the expected one or would need to pay a bonus in case it was above the expected rating group. Contingency Plan: If the negotiations get stuck, I will explain Kim that of course there is concrete interest by competitors for the series (without telling any concrete numbers). However we had Hollyville would be very interested in finding in working together. I would then offer a deal including Junior in the package. It is not the most profitable product for us but will make the overall deal more attractive for WCHI. Try to sell the bundle of Juniors and Moms.com to WCHI for at least Try to decide on a bonus/ discount if the rating of the audience is higher or lower than expected after each year.